Acids

and
Bases
G12 Chemistry
ISHCMC

Acids
and
Bases

8.1 Learning Objectives

Acids
and
Bases

Three definitions of acid

Theory:
Acid=

When

Arrhenius

increases H+

1880s

Brnsted

proton donor

1923

Who

Lowry
Lewis

ditto
Electron-pair
acceptor

1923
1923

Acids
and
Bases

Svante August Arrhenius

(February 19, 1859 October 2, 1927)
Swedish chemist; Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1903
* Arrhenius equation (activation energy)
* Greenhouse effect
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius

Johannes Nicolaus Brnsted

(February 22, 1879-December 17, 1947)
Danish physical chemist

Thomas Martin Lowry

(October 26, 1874November 2, 1936)

English organic chemist

Gilbert Newton Lewis

(October 23, 1875-March 23, 1946)

American physical chemist

Acids
and
Bases

Bronsted-Lowry Theory
BrnstedLowry focuses on the transfer of H+
ions. Must have both
1. an Acid: Proton donor (H+)

and

2. a Base:

Proton acceptor (H+)

Acids
and
Bases

Bronsted-Lowry Theory
Hydrogen atoms contain one proton and one
electron, so when they ionize by losing the
electron, all that is left is the proton
Who is the proton donor below (acid) and
who is the proton acceptor (base)??

Acids
and
Bases

Conjugate Pairs.
Brnsted-Lowry acids and bases are always paired
a proton can only be donated if it can also be accepted
The Brnsted-Lowry acid donates a proton,
while the Brnsted-Lowry base accepts it.
Which is the acid and which is the base in each of these rxns?

Acids
and
Bases

Conjugate Pairs
In the generic equation above, HA acts as an
acid, donating a proton to B while B acts as a
base, accepting the proton from HA.
But the reverse reaction acts in the opposite way
BH+ is acting as an acid by donating a proton
to A- while A- accepts it (acts as a base)
Acids react to form bases and vice versa they
are called conjugate acid-base pairs
Acids
and
Bases

Important Conjugate Pair Example

H2O (base) and H3O+ (acid) is a conjugate pair

In this example, the protons become hydrated
H3O+ is called the hydronium ion and is always
the form of hydrogen ions in aqueous solution
Most reactions simply write H+(aq)
Acids
and
Bases

Example labelling conjugate

acid-base pairs

In a conjugate pair, the acid always has

one proton more than its conjugate base

Acids
and
Bases

Try some

Acids
and
Bases

Worksheet 1

Acids
and
Bases

A BrnstedLowry acid
must have a removable (acidic) proton.
HCl, H2O, H2SO4
A BrnstedLowry base
must have a pair of nonbonding electrons.
NH3, H2O

Acids
and
Bases

If it can be either
...it is amphiprotic.
HCO3
HSO4
H2O
Acids
and
Bases

Amphiprotic
Bronsted-Lowry describes acids and bases
in terms of how they react so water can act
as both an acid and a base

With CH3COOH, water acts as a BronstedLowry base, but with NH3 it acts as a
Bronsted-Lowry acid called Amphiprotic Acids
and
Bases

Acids
and
Bases

Thornley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=DGroqwgctoo&index=1&list=PL816Q
srt2Os3LlfV_1vABej50rNdBRRu5
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=DGroqwgctoo&index=1&list=PL816Q
srt2Os3LlfV_1vABej50rNdBRRu5
Acids
and
Bases

Questions

Acids
and
Bases

Worksheet 2

Acids
and
Bases

8.2 Learning Objectives

Acids
and
Bases

Acids and Bases Reacting in Water

Typical reactions of acids and bases in
aqueous solutions have H+ as the common
ion to all acids
The bases here are those that neutralize
acids to produce water eg:
Metal oxides and hydroxides (Na2O & KOH)
Ammonia (NH3)
Soluble carbonates (Na2CO3 and K2CO3) and
hydrogencarbonates (NaHCO3 and KHCO3)

Acids
and
Bases

Alkalis
Soluble bases are known as alkalis
when dissolved in water they all release
the hydroxide ion OH-

Acids
and
Bases

Acids react with metals, bases &

carbonates to form SALTS
Salt refers to the ionic compound formed
when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a
metal or another positive ion.
Salts form by reaction of acids with metals or
bases

Acids
and
Bases

3 Types of Reactions where

acids form salts
1. Acid + Metal salt + hydrogen

Acids
and
Bases

1. Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen

Species which do not change during a

reaction, like Cl- above, are called spectator
ions and can be cancelled out
The above reaction shows why acids have
corrosive properties on most metals so
keep battery acid away from the body of a car
Acids
and
Bases

2. Acid + Base Salt + water

Called neutralization reactions

Exothermic for reactions between strong
acids and bases, the enthalpy change is very
similar, H = -57 kJ mol-1
Common examples using antacids to treat
acid indigestion or adding lime (weak alkali) to
Acids
acidic soils
and
Bases

3. Acid + Carbonate salt +

water + carbon dioxide

If bubbles are visible in a reaction, this is

called effervescence

Acids
and
Bases

Worksheet 3

Acids
and
Bases

Indicators
Acids and bases can be distinguished by using
indicators they act as chemical detectors
Acid-base indicators change colour reversibly
according to the concentration of H + ions in
solution
The colour change can be used to identify the
pH of a substance they can be absorbed on
test paper or as aqueous solutions
Acids
and
Bases

Indicators

Acids
and
Bases

Universal
indicator
Acids
and
Bases

Acid-Base Titrations
Based on neutralization
reactions
Used to calculate the exact
concentration of an acid or
an alkali when the other
concentration is known
Equipment: burette, conical
flask, retort stand, white tile
Acids
and
Bases

Acid-Base Titrations
Acid-base titration involves
reacting together a carefully
measured volume of one of
the solutions, and adding
the other solution until the
equivalence point is
reached; they exactly
neutralize each other
An indicator is added to
show exactly neutralization
is reached (colour change)

Acids
and
Bases

Acid-Base Titrations examples:

Calculate the concentration of
ethanoic acid in vinegar by
titration with a standard
solution of aqueous sodium
hydroxide, using
phenolphthalein indicator
Calculate the concentration of
sodium hydroxide by titration
with a standard solution of
hydrochloric acid, using methyl
Acids
and
orange indicator
Bases

Acid-Base Titrations
A good indicator is one that gives a distinct or
sharp colour change at the equivalence point

Acids
and
Bases

Questions

Acids
and
Bases