MAB 4213
Ir. Dr. Masri Bin
Baharom
LO : To understand the significance of IC Engine for Mankind
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Combustion
4. Exhaust
b) Fields of Application
- Motor vehicles (in particular gasoline and diesel engines). The passenger car
industry has evolved into a key market.
- airplanes
- construction engines (e.g., earthmovers)
- agriculture (tractors, combined harvesters etc.)
- railway mostly diesel engines
- power plant
- ships
c) Problems
- Environmental concerns : Exhaust gas
- Noise
- Fuel supply problem
d) Outlook
Possible competitors for combustion engines in the future:
- gas turbine engines
- electric motor + battery
- electric motor + fuel cell
The combustion engine in its many configurations will certainly maintain its
significance in the near future.
The latest evolution:
- Intermittent combustion
* typical for open reciprocating engine processes
* due to temperatures of the working fluid that are present for a short time
only, the thermal stress of the components can be limited
* ignition, combustion and emission problems
c) Gas Exchange
- Four-stroke cycle
* volume change of the working chamber is used alternately for work output
and gas exchange
* control of the reciproca,ting engine through intake and exhaust valves
A complete work cycle includes four cycles:
1. intake
2. compression gas-exchange cycles
3. expansion (Combustion)
4. exhaust
- Two-stroke cycle
* gas exchange occurs between the working cycles by scavenging the exhaust
gasses with a fresh cylinder charge
* control mostly via intake and exhaust ports
* in contrast to the four-stroke cycle, no valve train is necessary, but a delivery
unit for scavenging air (scavenging blower) is needed
* a combustion cycle includes two cycles:
1. compression
2. expansion
d) Pressure Level of the Charge
- Naturally aspirated engine
* aspiration directly from the atmosphere
* no additional devices needed in front of the engine to increase the charge density
- Supercharged engine
* increase of the charge density in front of the engine using a compressor to increase
the engine power
i) Types of processes
- Classical process
* gasoline engine and diesel engine with the following characteristics:
conventional gasoline engine:
- external ignition of the quantity controlled homogeneous mixture
diesel engine:
- self-ignition of a quality controlled heterogeneous mixture
direct injection gasoline engine:
- at idle speed and during low part-load, external ignition of the quality controlled
heterogeneous mixture; at high part-load and full load, external ignition
of the quantity controlled mixture
- Hybrid processes
* combination of the characteristics of gasoline and diesel engine
- Special processes
* Examples: steam engine, Stirling engine
j) Type of Cooling
- Air cooling (direct cooling)
* ambient air is directed over the engine surface, which is usually finned
- Fluid cooling (indirect cooling):
* the engine -transfers heat to the coolant (usually water) as a subcarrier
* better heat transfer makes the fins for cooling surfaces unnecessary
- auxiliary devices that are most often needed:
* cooling fan (air and fluid cooling)
* radiator and cooling-water pump (fluid cooling)
Crankshaft
Connecting Rod
Piston
Valve Train
Camshaft