Matrik I Eko MM

Hand Out Matrikulasi Teori Ekonomi
Prof. Dr. H. Didik Susetyo, SE., MSi
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Teori Ekonomi Mikro

Definisi, asumsi, dan analisis pendekatan
Teori Permintaan dan Penawaran
Preferensi, Utilitas, dan Elastisitas (e = dQ/dP.P/Q)
Teori Produksi dan Biaya
Konsepsi Pasar Barang dan Faktor Produksi
B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Teori Ekonomi Makro

Definisi, asumsi, dan pendekatan
Teori Pendapatan Nasional: Y = C + I + G + (X-M)
Teori Konsumsi ( C = a + b Yd) dan investasi (I = f(i, y))
Konsep AD, AS, dan Keseimbangan
Kebijakan Fiskal dan Moneter
November 5, 2015
didiksusetyo@gmail.com
Pengetahuan & Ilmu

APA PERBEDAAN KNOWLEDGE &
SCIENCE?
Knowledge:
pengetahuan
(sumber:
revelasi, otoritas, intuisi, common sense,
dan ilmu)
Science:
ilmu
(definisi:
akumulasi
pengetahuan,
sistematik,
rasional,
metodik, ilmiah (scientific method)
5 Nov 2015
Pengetahuan & Ilmu

Pengetahuan (knowledge) adalah sesuatu yang
diperoleh dari proses keingin tahuan manusia yang
biasanya kebenaran bersifat non-ilmiah (kebetulan,
common sense, wahyu, intuitif, trial & error, spekulasi,
dan kewibawaan)
Ilmu (science) adalah akumulasi pengetahuan yang
menjelaskan kausalitas yang tersusun secara
sistematis, rasional, logik, dan metodik yang ditemukan
secara empirik melalui penelitian oleh ilmuan (atau
akumulasi pengetahuan yang telah disistematiskan,
diorganisasikan, dan memiliki metode yang mapan)
5 Nov 2015
Teori & Ekonomi Makro

APA ITU TEORI? Abstraksi dari dunia nyata
(unsur teori: definisi variabel, asumsi, hipotesis,
dan prediksi)
APA DEFINISI EKONOMI MAKRO?
ilmu yang mempelajari kegiatan ekonomi
secara agregatif (keseluruhan)
Variabel makro: pendapatan nasional, inflasi,
pengangguran, ekspor, impor, tingkat bunga,
etc.
5 Nov 2015
Lingkup Kajian
RUANG LINGKUP:
-Pendapatan Nasional (GNP, GDP, NI, DI, PI)
-Agregate Demand & Supply (IS & LM)
-Employment & Unemployment
-Price & Inflation
-Kebijakan Makroekonomi: Kebijakan Fiskal,
Kebijakan Moneter, Ketenagakerjaan, Harga,
Perdagangan, Investasi, etc.
5 Nov 2015
Welcome to
Everyone is concerned about macroeconomics
Macroeconomics!
lately. We wonder why some countries are growing faster

than others and why inflation fluctuates. Why?
Because the state of the macroeconomy affects
everyone in many ways. It plays a significant
role in the political sphere while also affecting
public policy and societal well-being.
Recently, there is much discussion of recessions-- periods in
which real GDP falls mildly-- and depressions, when GDP falls more
severely. Macroeconomists are also concerned with issues such as
inflation, unemployment, monetary and fiscal policiesall of which,
will be discussed at length in Macroeconomics, 5th ed., Mankiws
Macroeconomics Modules, and in your macroeconomics course.
Good luck!
November 5, 2015
Economists use models to understand what goes on in the economy.

Here are two important points about models: endogenous variables
and exogenous variables. Endogenous variables are those which the
model tries to explain. Exogenous variables are those variables that a
model takes as given. In short, endogenous are variables within a
model, and exogenous are the variables outside the model.
Price
Supply
P*
November 5, 2015
Q*
This is the most famous

economic model. It describes
the ubiquitous relationship
between buyers and sellers in
Demand
the market. The point of
intersection is called an
Quantity
equilibrium.
7
Market clearing is an alignment process whereby decisions between

suppliers and demanders reach an equilibrium. Heres how it works.
Lets say you begin with a demand and supply curve for CDs.
Remember that the demand curve slopes downward meaning that
as you increase the price (by moving along the demand curve), the
quantity demanded decreases. Conversely, the supply curve slopes
upward implying that as the price increases (by moving along the
supply curve), the amount supplied will increase.
The center point A is where market
D
D
S
P
decisions reach an equilibrium.
B
Now, suppose that there is a sudden
P
A
increase in the demand for CDs.
P*
Demand will shift from D to D.
The increase in demand places upward
ge
a
t
pressure on the price to point B since the
r
o
h
S
original price, P* no longer clears the
Q* Q
November 5, 2015
8
Qdidiksusetyo@gmail.com
market.
S SHIFTS IN DEMAND: Suppose your income
rises? Your demand for a given product, say

pizza for example, will also increase.
This translates into a rightward shift in the
demand curve from D to D'. Result:
D' both price and quantity are higher.
D
SHIFTS IN SUPPLY: A fall in the price

of materials increases the supply of pizza; at
any given price, pizzerias find that the sale
of pizza is more profitable, and thus the
supply of pizza rises.
This translates into a rightward shift in supply
from S to S' .Result: price falls, quantity rises.
November 5, 2015
S S'
D
Q
9
Economists typically assume that the market will go into an

equilibrium of supply and demand, which is called the
market clearing process. This assumption is central to the
pizza example on the previous slide. But, assuming that
markets clear continuously is not realistic. For markets to
clear continuously, prices would have to adjust instantly to
changes in supply and demand. But, evidence suggests that
prices and wages often adjust slowly.
So, remember that although market clearing models assume
that wages and prices are flexible, in actuality, some wages
and prices are sticky.
November 5, 2015
10
Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms

make decisions and how these decision makers interact in the
marketplace. In microeconomics, a person chooses to
maximize his or her utility subject to his or her budget constraint.
Macroeconomic events arise from the interaction of many

people trying to maximize their own welfare. Therefore, when
we study macroeconomics, we must consider its
microeconomic foundations.
November 5, 2015
11
Macroeconomic Indicator Assumption

Macro Econ Indicator
2004
2005
1. GDP (billion Rp)
2006*
2007*
3,040,771
3,531,087
2. Ec growth yoy (%)
5.0
6.0
6.2
6.3
3. Inflation (%)
6.4
8.0
8.0
6.5
8,939
9,500
9,900
9,300
7.39
8.25
9.5
8.5
6. Intl Oil Price (US$/barrel)
37.17
50.6
57.0
65.0
7. Oil prod (millionbarrel/day)
1,072
1,075
1,050
1,000
4. Exchange rate Rp-US$

5. Interest rate SBI-3month
*Budget
5 Nov 2015
12
Learning objectives
This moment introduces you to
the issues macroeconomists study
the tools macroeconomists use
some important concepts in
macroeconomic analysis
5 Nov 2015
13
Important issues in
macroeconomics
Why does the cost of living keep rising?
Why are millions of people unemployed, even when the
economy is booming?
Why are there recessions?
Can the government do anything to combat recessions?
Should it??
What is the government budget deficit? How does it affect the
economy?
Why does the U.S. have such a huge trade deficit?
Why are so many countries poor?
What policies might help them grow out of poverty?
5 Nov 2015
14
U.S. Gross Domestic Product

in billions of chained 1996 dollars
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
rd
a
pw
u
n
u
r
g
lon
5,000
4,000
3,000
1970
5 Nov 2015
1975
1980
1985
d
n
tre
1990
1995
2000
15
Why learn macroeconomics?

1. The macroeconomy affects societys well-being.
example: Unemployment and social problems
Each
Each one-point
one-point increase
increase in
in the
the u-rate
u-rate isis associated
associated
with:
with:
920
920 more
more suicides
suicides
650
650 more
more homicides
homicides
4000
4000 more
more people
people admitted
admitted to
to state
state mental
mental
institutions
institutions
3300
3300 more
more people
people sent
sent to
to state
state prisons
prisons
37,
37, 000
000 more
more deaths
deaths
increases
increases in
in domestic
domestic violence
violence and
and homelessness
homelessness
5 Nov 2015
16

2. The macroeconomy affects your well-being.
Unemployment and earnings growth

5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
growth rate of inflation-adjusted hourly earnings

change in Unemployment rate
5 Nov 2015
17

3. The macroeconomy affects politics & current events.
Inflation and unemployment in election years

year
year
1976
1976
UUrate
rate
7.7%
7.7%
inflation
inflationrate
rate
5.8%
5.8%
1980
1980
1984
1984
7.1%
7.1%
7.5%
7.5%
13.5%
13.5%
4.3%
4.3%
Reagan
Reagan(R)
(R)
Reagan
Reagan(R)
(R)
1988
1988
1992
1992
5.5%
5.5%
7.5%
7.5%
4.1%
4.1%
3.0%
3.0%
Bush
BushII(R)
(R)
Clinton
Clinton(D)
(D)
1996
1996
2000
2000
5.4%
5.4%
4.0%
4.0%
3.3%
3.3%
3.4%
3.4%
Clinton
Clinton(D)
(D)
Bush
BushIIII (R)
(R)
5 Nov 2015
elec.
elec. outcome
outcome
Carter
Carter(D)
(D)
18
Economic models
are simplified versions of a more complex
reality
irrelevant details are stripped away
Used to
show the relationships between economic
variables
explain the economys behavior
devise policies to improve economic
performance
5 Nov 2015
19
Example: The supply & demand for new

cars
explains the factors that determine the price of
cars and the quantity sold
assumes the market is competitive: each buyer
and seller is too small to affect the market price
Variables:
Q d = quantity of cars that buyers demand
Q s = quantity that producers supply
P = price of new cars
Y = aggregate income
Ps = price of steel (an input)
demand equation:
Q d D (P ,Y )
shows that the quantity of cars consumers demand is related to the

price of cars and aggregate income.
5 Nov 2015
20
The effects of an increase in income:

demand equation:
Q d D (P ,Y )
Price
of cars
An increase in income
increases the quantity
of cars consumers
demand at each price...
P2
P1
D1
which increases
the equilibrium price
and quantity.
5 Nov 2015
Q1 Q2
D2
Q
Quantit
y of
cars
21
The effects of a steel price increase:

supply equation:
Q S (P , Ps )
s
P
Price
of cars
An increase in Ps
reduces the quantity of
cars producers supply
at each price
S1
P2
P1
D
which increases the

market price and
reduces the quantity.
5 Nov 2015
S2
Q2 Q1
Q
Quantit
y of
cars
22
APBN 2008
Account
APBN
APBN-P
Realisasi
Pendapatan dan
Hibah
781.35
894.99
981.82
109.70
Belanja Negara
854.66
989.49
985.26
99.57
Keseimbangan
Primer
18.06
0.29
85.18
93.49
(73.31)
(94.50)
(3.44)
3.64
Pembiayaan
73.31
94.50
83.77
0.00
Kelebihan /
(Kekurangan)
Pembiayaan
0.00
0.00
80.33
0.00
Surplus / (Defisit)
Anggaran
5 Nov 2015
23
Governments assumptions
2008
2009
Economic growth (%)
6.4
6.2
Inflation (% yoy)
6.5
6.5
9,100
9,100
3 Months SBI (%)
7.5
8.5
Oil Price ICP (US$/barrel)
95
100
Oil Production (000 barrel/day)
927
950
2.10%
1.90%
Macro Indicators
Exchange rate Rp/US$)
Budget Deficit (% of GDP)
Source: Ministry of Finance

November 5, 2015
5 Nov 2015
24
24

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Hand Out Matrikulasi Teori Ekonomi

Prof. Dr. H. Didik Susetyo, SE., MSi

Teori Ekonomi Mikro

Teori Ekonomi Makro

Pengetahuan & Ilmu

Pengetahuan & Ilmu

Teori & Ekonomi Makro

lately. We wonder why some countries are growing faster

Economists use models to understand what goes on in the economy.

This is the most famous

Market clearing is an alignment process whereby decisions between

S SHIFTS IN DEMAND: Suppose your income

rises? Your demand for a given product, say

SHIFTS IN SUPPLY: A fall in the price

Economists typically assume that the market will go into an

Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms

Macroeconomic events arise from the interaction of many

Macroeconomic Indicator Assumption

1. GDP (billion Rp)

2. Ec growth yoy (%)

6. Intl Oil Price (US$/barrel)

7. Oil prod (millionbarrel/day)

4. Exchange rate Rp-US$

U.S. Gross Domestic Product

Why learn macroeconomics?

example: Unemployment and social problems

Why learn macroeconomics?

Unemployment and earnings growth

growth rate of inflation-adjusted hourly earnings

Why learn macroeconomics?

Inflation and unemployment in election years

Example: The supply & demand for new

shows that the quantity of cars consumers demand is related to the

The effects of an increase in income:

The effects of a steel price increase:

which increases the

Economic growth (%)

3 Months SBI (%)

Oil Price ICP (US$/barrel)

Oil Production (000 barrel/day)

Exchange rate Rp/US$)

Budget Deficit (% of GDP)

Source: Ministry of Finance

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