waves
Friday October 18, 2002
Propagation of waves in 3D
The generalization of the wave equation to 3dimensions is straight forward if the medium is
homogeneous
Let = amplitude of disturbance (could be
amplitude of E-field also)
Propagation of waves in 3D
depends on x, y and z such that it satisfies the wave equation
2 2 2
1 2
2
0
2
2
2
2
x
y
x
v t
or,
2
1
2
2
0
2
v t
x y z
x
y
z3
kx
Now will be
constant in plane
perpendicular to n if
wave is plane
For all points P in
plane
r n d
P
d
O
x
6
f kd t
f k r n t
f kd t
7
r OP n 0
or ,
r n n OP d const
d
O
is equation of a plane to n,
a distance d from the origin
x
8
f k r n t
f kn r t
f k r t
3. Spherical Waves
r,t
Assume
has spherical symmetry about
origin (where source is located)
In spherical polar co-ordinates
1 2
1
1
2
2
r
2
sin
2
r r
r
r sin
r sin 2 2
z
2
r
y
x
10
3. Spherical Waves
1 2
1
r
2 2 0
2
r r
r v t
or ,
2
2 1
2 2 2 0
r r r
v t
2
11
3. Spherical Waves
Now note that,
2 r
r
2
r
r
r
2
2
r 2
r
r
2 2
r
2
r r r
r 2
2 2
v t
2 r
1 2 r
2
2
r
v
t 2
12
3. Spherical Waves
But,
2 r 1 2 r
2
0
2
2
r
v
t
r f kr t g kr t
1
f kr t
r
13
A
cos k t
Electromagnetic waves
o
o = permittivity of free space
15
Electromagnetic waves
Maxwells equations are, in a region of no free charges,
E 4 0
B 0
B
E
t
E
E
o
B o 4j
t
t
16
Electromagnetic waves
For the electric field E,
2
2
E E E E
B o
t
t 2
or,
E
2
E o 2 0
t
2
17
Electromagnetic waves
B
2
B o 2 0
t
2
= o = o
1
o o
( = 1)
18
Electromagnetic waves
In a dielectric medium,
= n2
and
= o = n2 o
1
1
c
o
n o o n
19
E
2
E o
0
2
t
2
B
2
B o
0
2
t
2
i krt
E Eo e
i krt
B Bo e
20