Metpen 1

Ernawaty
MPK
1st Oct 2015

Pengertian
Metodologi penelitian berasal dari kata
Metode yang artinya cara yang tepat
untuk melakukan sesuatu dan Logos
yang artinya ilmu atau pengetahuan.
Jadi
Metodologi
itu
artinya
cara
melakukan sesuatu dengan menggunakan
pikiran (pengetahuan) secara seksama
untuk mencapai suatu tujuan.

Pengertian
metodologi penelitian adalah Suatu
cabang
ilmu
pengetahuan
yang
membicarakan
tentang
cara-cara
melaksanakan penelitian (mencakup
kegiatan-kegiatan mencari, mencatat,
merumuskan,
menganlisis
hingga
menyusun laporannya) berdasarkan
fakta-fakta atau gejala-gejala secara
ilmiah.

Manfaat Metodologi
Penelitian
Dapat menyusun laporan/tulisan/karya ilmiah baik
dalam bentuk paper, skripsi, tesis atau disertasi.
Mengetahui arti pentingnya riset, sehingga
keputusan-keputusan yang dibuat dapat dipikirkan
dan diatur dengan sebaik-baiknya.
Dapat menilai hasil-hasil penelitian yang sudah ada
yaitu untuk mengukur sampai seberapa jauh suatu
hasil penelitian dapat dierptanggungjawabkan
kebenarannya.

 Terdapat empat kata kunci yang perlu

diperhatikan yaitu, cara ilmiah, data,
tujuan, kegunaan tertentu.
Cara ilmiah berarti kegiatan
penelitian itu didasarkan pada ciri-ciri
keilmuan, yaitu rasional, empiris,
dan sistematis.
Rasional berarti kegiatan penelitian itu
dilakukan dengan cara-cara yang
masuk akal, sehingga terjangkau oleh
penalaran manusia.

 Empiris berarti cara-cara yang dilakukan itu

dapat diamati oleh indera manusia, sehingga
orang lain dapat mengamati dan mengetahui
cara-cara yang digunakan. (Bedakan cara
yang tidak ilmiah misalnya, mencari anak
yang hilang saat memanjat gunung, atau
ingin mencari mobil yang hilang datang ke
paranormal, atau ingin menjadi Kepala
Sekolah datang ke dukun, dan sejenisnya).
Sistematis artinya, proses yang digunakan
dalam penelitian itu menggunakan langkahlangkah tertentu yang bersifat logis.

Data yang diperoleh melalui penelitian itu adalah data

empiris (teramati) yang mempunyai kriteria tertentu yaitu
valid. Valid menunjukkan derajat ketepatan antara data
yang sesugguhnya terjadi pada obyek dengan data yang
dapat dikumpulkan oleh peneliti.
Misalnya di Kabupaten Tegal terdapat 400 anak yang
tidak lulus Ujian Nasional, sementara penelitian melaporkan
jauh di atas dan di bawah 400. Maka data yang dilaporkan
peneliti tersebut tidak valid. Demikian juga misalnya peneliti
melihat pada obyek berwarna merah, tetapi dilaporkan
warna hijau.
Peneliti melihat murid sedang menangis langsung dibuat
kesimpulan bahwa murid tersebut sedang sedih, padahal
sebenarnya murid tersebut menangis sedang senang,
karena mendapat ranking di kelas yang tinggi. Data yang
dilaporkan oleh peneliti bahwa murid menangis karena
senang dilaporkan sedih, adalah data yang tidak valid.

Tujuan Penelitian
Memperoleh pengetahuan baru (penemuan).
Penemuan berarti data yang diperoleh dari
penelitian itu adalah data yang betul-betul baru yang
sebelumnya belum pernah diketahui.
Memperoleh jawaban atas suatu pertanyaan
(Pembuktian).
Pembuktian berarti data yang diperoleh itu
digunakan untuk membuktikan adanya keragu-raguan
terhadap informasi atau pengetahuan tertentu.
Memberikan pemecahan atas suatu masalah
(pengembangan).
Pengembangan
berarti
memperdalam
dan
memperluas pengetahuan yang telah ada.

Penelitian Kuantitatif

Penelitian Kualitatif

Kejelasan Unsur :
Tujuan, pendekatan, subjek, sampel,
Sumber data sudah mantap, rinci sejak awal

Subjek sampel, sumber data tidak mantap

Dan rinci, masih fleksibel, timbul dan berkembangnya sambil jalan

Langkah penelitian :
Segala sesuatu direncanakan sampai
Matang ketika persiapan disusun

Baru diketahui denagn mantap dan jelas setelah penelitian selesai

Hipotesis (Jika memang perlu)

a. Mengajukan hipotesis yang akan diuji dalam
penelitian;
b. Hipotesis menentukan hasil yang diramalkan

Tidak menegmukakan hipotesis sebelumnya, tetapi dapat lahir selama

penelitian berlangsung--- tentatif
Hasil penelitian terbuka

Disain :
Dalam disain jelas langkah-langkah penelitian dan hasil yang
diharapkan

Disain penelitiannya fleksibel dengan langkah dan hasil yang tidak dapat
dipastikan sebelumnya;

Pengumpulan data :
Kegiatan dalam pengumpulan data memungkinkan untuk
diwakilkan
Analisis data :
Dilakukan sesudah semua data terkumpul.

Kegiatan pengumpulan data selalu harus dilakukan sendiri oleh peneliti.

Dilakukan bersamaan dengan pengumpulan data

Qualitative versus Quantitative

Purpose
Quali: To understand & interpret social
interactions.
Quanti: To test hypotheses, look at
cause & effect, & make predictions.

Qualitative versus Quantitative

Group Studied
Quali: Smaller & not randomly selected.
Quanti: Larger & randomly selected.

Qualitative versus Quantitative

Variables
Quali: Study of the whole, not variables.
Quanti: Specific variables studied

Qualitative versus Quantitative

Type of Data Collected
Quali: Words, images, or objects.
Quanti: Numbers and statistics.

Qualitative versus Quantitative

Forms of Data Collected
Quali: Qualitative data such as open ended responses, interviews, participant
observations, field notes, & reflections.
Quanti: Quantitative data based on precise
measurements using structured &
validated data-collection instruments.

Qualitative versus Quantitative

Role of the Researcher
Quali: Researcher & their biases may be known to
participants in the study, & participant
characteristics may be known to the researcher.
Quanti: Researcher & their biases are not known
to participants in the study, & participant
characteristics are deliberately hidden from the
researcher (double blind studies).

Qualitative versus Quantitative

Results
Quali: Particular or specialized findings
that is less generalizable.
Quanti: Generalizable findings that can
be applied to other populations.

Qualitative versus Quantitative

Scientific Method
Quali: Study of the whole, not variables.
Quanti: Specific variables studied

Qualitative versus Quantitative

Final Report
Quali: Narrative report with contextual
description & direct quotations from
research participants.
Quanti: Statistical report with correlations,
comparisons of means, & statistical
significance of findings.

Qualitative versus Quantitative

What is to be observed?
Quali: Qualities Behavior
Complexities
Quanti: Quantities Scales Trends

Qualitative versus Quantitative

What are the type of questions asked?
Quali: Why? How?
Quanti: How many What

Qualitative versus Quantitative

How are the questions are put (methods)?
Quali: Document review Participant
observations Interviews Focus group
Workshops
Quanti: Application forms
Questionnaires IQ Tests
Measurements

Qualitative versus Quantitative

How the results are interpreted (analysis)?
Quali: Explore, explain, understand Narrative
Particular Mainly inductive reasoning:
conclusions can be drawn from the evidence no
matter how incomplete
Quanti: Describe, measure, predict Statistical
tables and chart Universal Mainly deductive
reasoning: everything is known before
conclusions can be drawn

Major Classes of Quantitative

and Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research
Experimental Studies
Researchers actively introduce an
intervention or treatment
Designed to test causal relationships
Greater control over extraneous
variables

Quantitative Research
Non-Experimental Studies
Researchers collects data without
making changes or introducing
treatments
Lesser control over extraneous
variables

Qualitative Research

Rooted in research traditions that

originate in the disciplines of
anthropology, sociology, and
psychology.

Qualitative Research
Grounded Theory Study
Roots in sociology
Seeks to describe and understand
the key social psychological and
structural processes that occur in a
social setting
Focus developing social
experience

Qualitative Research
Component discovery of a core
variable that is central in explaining what
is going on in that social scene
Generate comprehensive explanations of
phenomena that are grounded in reality
Example:
A study to explain the material process
of managing late stages of breastfeeding
and weaning the child from the breast

Qualitative Research
Phenomenology
Roots in both philosophy and psychology
Concerned with the lived experiences of
humans
Approach to thinking about what life
experiences of people are like and what
they mean
What is the essence of this phenomenon
as experienced by these people?

Qualitative Research
Example:
A study to illuminate the lived
experiences of care providers who
were highly skilled communicators in
their relationships with patients with
stroke and aphasia.

Qualitative Research
Ethnography
Primary research tradition within
anthropology
Provides a framework for studying the
meanings, patterns, and experiences
of a defined cultural group in a holistic
fashion
Engaged in extensive fieldwork, often
participating to the extent possible in
the life of the culture under study

Qualitative Research
Broadly defined culture Haitian
refugee communities
Narrowly defined culture The
Culture of Emergency Departments
Aim to learn from (rather than to
study) members of a cultural group, to
understand their world view as they
perceive and live it

Qualitative Research
Example:
An analysis of a nursing home
residence, focusing on the ethical
issues of daily living affecting nursing
home residents with dementia

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research

Researchers move from beginning

point of a study (the posing of a
question) to the end point (the
obtaining of an answer) in a linear
sequence of steps

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research
Phase 1: The Conceptual Phase
Activities include reading,
conceptualizing, theorizing,
reconceptualising and reviewing ideas
with colleagues or advisers
Skills include creativity, deductive
reasoning, insight, and a firm grounding
in previous research on the topic of
interest

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research
Step 1. Formulating and Delimiting
the Problem
Step 2. Reviewing the Related
Literature
Step 3. Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork
Step 4. Defining the Framework and
Developing Conceptual Definitions
Step 5. Formulating Hypothesis

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research
Phase 2: The Design and Planning
Phase
The methods and procedures to be
used to address the research question
and plan for the actual collection of
data

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research
Step 6. Selecting a Research Design
Step 7. Developing Protocols for the
Intervention
Step 8. Identifying the Population to
be Studied
Step 9. Designing the Sampling Plan

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research
Step 10. Specifying methods to
Measure the Research the Research
Variables
Step 11. Developing Methods for a
Safeguarding Human/Animal Rights
Step 12. Finalizing and Reviewing the
Research Plan

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research

Phase 3: The Empirical Phase

Involves collecting research data and
preparing those data for analysis

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research

Step 13. Collecting the Data

Step 14. Preparing the Data for
Analysis

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research

Phase 4. The Analytic Phase

Analysis and interpretation of data

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research

Step 15. Analyzing the Data

Step 16. Interpreting the Results

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research

Phase 5: The Dissemination Phase

Major Steps in Quantitative

Research

Step 17. Communicating the Findings

Step 18. Utilizing the Findings in
Practice

Activities in Qualitative
Research

Begin with a broad question regarding

the phenomenon of interest, often
focusing on a little studied aspect
More flexible and less linear

Activities in Qualitative
Research
Conceptualizing and Planning a
Qualitative Study
Identifying the Research Problem
Doing Literature Reviews
Selecting and Gaining Entree Into
Research Sites
Research Designs in Qualitative
Studies

Activities in Qualitative
Research
Conducting the Qualitative Study
Once in the field, researchers select
informants collect data, and then analyze
and interpret them in an iterative fashion;
Field experiences help in an ongoing
fashion to shape the design of the study
Early analysis leads to refinements in
sampling and data collection, until
saturation (redundancy of information) is
achieved

Activities in Qualitative
Research
Disseminating Qualitative Findings
Used to shape the direction of further
studies (including more highly controlled
quantitative studies)
Guide the development of structured
measuring tools for clinical and research
purposes
Shape the researchers perceptions of a
problem or situation and their
conceptualizations of potential solutions