DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : B.V.Lakshmana Rao
Designation : Head of Section
Branch
: Chemical Engineering
Institute
: J.N.Govt Polytechnic, Hyderabad
Year/Semester
: VII Semester
Subject
: Thermodynamics & Reaction
Engineering
Subject Code
: CH 702
Topic
: Introduction-First Law of thermodynamic &
Volumetric
properties of pure fluids (18/18)
Duration
: 50 min
Sub -Topic
: First law of Thermodynamics for a
steady state flow process
Teaching Aids
: PPT, Animations, Photographs
CH-702.3

What is this diagram?

CH-702.3

Objectives
On the completion of this period you would be
able to
Derive the expression of first law of thermodynamics
for steady state flow process.

CH-702.3

Steady State Flow Process

In this, the conditions at all points in the apparatus
are constant with time.

All rates must be constant.

There should be no accumulation of material or

energy with in the system.

CH-702.3

Steady State Flow Process

Figure-1: Steady state low process

CH-702.3

Derivation

Fluid flows through the apparatus from section 1 to section 2.

It consists of a Heat exchanger and a turbine.
At section 1 , the elevation is Z1
the velocity is u1
pressure is p1
Internal Energy is U1
Specific volume is V1
At section 2 , the elevation is Z2
the velocity is u2
pressure is p2
Internal Energy is U2
Specific volume is V 2
CH-702.3

The system is taken as unit mass of fluid.

The fluid changes in three forms of Energy

a. Potential energy
b. Kinetic energy
c. Internal energy

(KE) = m(u2/gc)
where u = change in velocity
(PE) = (g/gc) (mZ)
Z = change in elevation
CH-702.3

According to first law of Thermodynamics

(Energy of the system) + (Energy of surroundings) =0
U + KE + PE = Q W
U + (u2/2gc) + (g/gc) Z = Q W (... m=1)
Q = Heat added
W = Work extracted per unit mass of fluid.

CH-702.3

 The force exerted on upstream face is P1A1

The work done by the force in pushing the cylinder into the
apparatus is W1 = P1A1 (V1/A1) = P1V1
The work done by the system on surrounding is
W2 = P2A2 (V2/A2) = P2V2
W = Ws + P2V2 P1V1
Where Ws = Shaft work
Shaft work is the work transmitted by a shaft.

CH-702.3

On substitution, we get
U + (u2/2gc) + (g/gc)Z = Q (Ws+ P2V2 P1V1)
U + (PV) + (u2/2gc) + (g/gc)Z = Q Ws
H + (u2/2gc) + (g/gc)Z = Q Ws (... H = U + PV)
For many applications considered in thermodynamics kinetic
and potential energy terms are very small
Hence H = Q - Ws

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10

For Flow process H = Q Ws

For non flow process U = Q W
Where H = Enthalpy change,
U = Internal energy change

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11

Summary
We have learned about

Steady state flow process

Derivation

of

mathematical

form

of

first

law

of

thermodynamics to a flow process given by,

H = Q Ws

CH-702.3

12

Quiz
1. In steady state flow process the conditions
are not changed with ______
a. Distance
b. Time
c. Flow rate

2. For a Flow process

a. U = Q W
b. U = Q
c. H = Q-Ws
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13

Questions
1. Derive an expression of First Law of Thermodynamics
for steady state flow process?

CH-702.3

14