Lecture 5 Ploidy

Cytogenetics

Karyotype: The number, shapes, and sizes of

the metaphase chromosomes in a cell.

Lecture 5 Ploidy
aneuploid: chromosome # is not normal
Nondisjunction

monosomy

trisomy 21 Downs

Genetic modification of organisms = GMO

polyploid: several chromosome sets
Larger

Seedless

New species

2n + 2n
=
4n
Tetraploid

Triploid

Lecture 5 Ploidy
Mitosis
Divisions
Ploidy

1
maintained

vs. Meiosis
2
reduced by 1/2

Hom. Pairing No

Yes

Crossovers
Promotes
variation

No
No

Yes
Yes

Assortment

Independent

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Observation essential
aspect of Biology
Zaccharias & Hans Janssen
Leeuwenhoek & Hooke (cells)
1590
mid-late 1600s
& Schleiden
Cell Theory:Schwann1838

1. Cells are the fundamental units of life

2. All organisms are composed of cells
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Scale: 1-100um

Visualization: microscopy
- bright field, phase contrast, DIC
- fluorescence, confocal
- Electron (transmission, scanning)

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

3

Basic components of a
domaincell?
system: Archaea,

Prokaryoti
c
before nucleus

Bacteria, Eukarya

vs

Eukaryotic
true nucleus

Differences
?
Bacteria

Archaea
Extremophiles (biotech)
- high temp (122oC)
- salt
- acidic (pH 0)
- alkaline

?
organelles

plant

animal
Fungi
Protista

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Basic components of a
prokaryotic cell?

Capsule
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
single chromosome
no histones

Flagellum

Cell wall

Plasma
membrane
Peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
(absent in some bacteria)

transcription/translation
- coupled!!

Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1)

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic
plant

animal

Similarities/Differences?

Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1)

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Animal Cell

Mitochondrion Cytoskeleton: actin/tubulin

Nucleus: DNA, histones, multiple chromosomes
linear, nuclear localization signal
(NOT SIGNAL SEQUENCE!)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

- membrane & secreted proteins
- signal peptide

Free ribosomes

Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

Centrioles
- MTOC

Ribosomes
(bound to RER)

Golgi apparatus
- protein trafficking

Plasma
membrane

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A PLANT CELL
Differences

Free
ribosomes
Cell wall

Nucleus
Vacuole
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Plasma
membrane
Chloroplast

Plasmodesmata
- channels

Mitochondrion

Golgi apparatus

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells similarities
1. Nucleus

Transcription/Translation
- uncoupled!!
Outer membrane

Nucleoplasm

Inner membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin*
Txn!
Nuclear
lamina
Nuclear
envelope
Nuclear
pore

An

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells similarities
2. Endoplasmic reticulum

a. Synthesis of membrane or
secreted proteins
b. Modify molecules enter cell
c. Synthesis of lipids &
steroids

Nucleus

Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Ribosomes
Lumen

Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Inside of cell
Lumen

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells similarities
3. Golgi apparatus
ER

Nucleus

Golgi apparatus

a. Sorting depot
for proteins
b. Plant cell wall
material

cis
region

medial
region

trans
region

Proteins for use

within the cell

Plasma membrane

Proteins for use

outside the cell

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells similarities
4. cytoskeleton

a. Cell shape
b. Cell movement
c. Positions
organelles
d. Helps anchor cell
e. Cell division
f. Molecular
transport

Plasma
membrane

Microfilaments
End

Intermediate
filament

Microtubule
End

End

End

Actin monomer
Fibrous subunit
Tubulin
dimer

-Tubulin
monomer

-Tubulin
monomer

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells differences
1. Lysosomes vs vacuoles

- storage/degradation (autophagy self digestion, Tay-Sa

- structure

Golgi
apparatus

lysosome
Phagosome

Plasma
membrane

Outside of cell

2. Peroxisomes vs glyoxysomes (only plants)

- peroxide breakdown vs lipid storage

3. Mitochondria vs chloroplasts (only

plants/protists)

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells differences
3. Mitochondria vs plastids (e.g. chloroplasts)
- Energy transformation

Matrix

Cristae

Cellular respiration
- generate ATP
- genome

Thylakoid
chlorophyll

Stroma

Photosynthesis
- generate ATP
- genome

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells differences
3. ECM vs cell wall

Animal
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Cell adhesion
Physical properties of tissue
Filter
Cell movement
Cell signaling

Plant
a. Support and volume
b. Protective barrier
c. Part of plant growth

Lecture 6 - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Basic components of a
cell?
Prokaryotic
vs

Eukaryotic

Differences
?

Biotechnology/Synthetic biology Know basic components of a

cell.