Diabetes is a disease that affects many people, and it is very

dangerous disease. The body does not produce insulin and hormone
needed to convert sugar. Moreover, ³there is no one determined
cause of diabetes, but both genetics, obesity and lack of exercise
appear to play roles´ ( video).There are two type of diabetes, the first
type is not very common, but the other type is the most common type
which affects many diabetics. This disease is a very serious problem
that the diabetics should not neglect the solutions and try to cure
about this disease.
V Pathophysiology
V Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates
uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells (primarily
muscle and fat cells, but not central nervous system cells).
Therefore deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its
receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes
mellitus.
V Insulin is also the principal control signal for
conversion of glucose to glycogen for internal storage in
liver and muscle cells. Lowered glucose levels result both
in the reduced release of insulin from the beta cells and in
the reverse conversion of glycogen to glucose when
glucose levels fall. This is mainly controlled by the
hormone glucagon which acts in the opposite manner to
insulin.
V jlucose thus forcibly produced from internal liver cell stores (as
glycogen) re-enters the bloodstream; muscle cells lack the
necessary export mechanism. Normally liver cells do this when the
level of insulin is low (which normally correlates with low levels of
blood glucose).
V Higher insulin levels increase some anabolic ("building up")
processes such as cell growth and duplication, protein synthesis,
and fat storage. Insulin (or its lack) is the principal signal in
converting many of the bidirectional processes of metabolism from
a catabolic to an anabolic direction, and vice versa. In particular, a
low insulin level is the trigger for entering or leaving ketosis (the fat
burning metabolic phase).
V =igns and =ymptoms
V polyuria (frequent urination),
V polydipsia (increased thirst),
V polyphagia (increased hunger), and weight loss.
V Dehydration due to urinary output which is not balanced
by water intake
V Delayed wound healing
 Diabetes is a very harmful disease that leads the
diabetics to many problems. High blood glucose
can cause diabetes problems, such as the heart,
blood vessel and eye
 First, heart and the blood vessel disease can lead
to heart attacks and strokes; and it was a very
dangerous to the diabetics.
 =econd, is that can hurt the four parts of diabetic¶s eyes.
The retinas have tiny blood vessels, and the high blood
glucose can damage these tiny blood vessel
(diabetes.niddk.nih.gov). When the retina problems gets
worse, new blood vessels grow, and it will be weak and break
easily over the years, the weak blood vessels can pull the
retina away from the back of the eye and its lead to the
diabetics .
 ïlthough this disease is very serious, diabetics can do many
things to stay healthy.
 One of the solutions is to take the medicines as directed and
not forget it. The body is habitual in specific thing and when
the person decoder the system then it will harm this body
 The second solution is to check the blood
glucose every day. It is very important to check
the blood to know how the blood glucose is
, and if it is bad or good from the last check.
 The third solution is to not smoke. In addition,
it is dangerous to diabetics to smoke, because
it is more harmful from the smoker
who does not has diabetes.

 The fourth solution is to keep blood glucose

and the blood pressure as close to normal
as the diabetics can to prevent diabetes
eye problem
 The fifth solution is to have eye care
professional examine the diabetics
eye once a year.

This solution is to find eye problem early (). Moreover, the

diabetics should protect themselves and go away from the
causes that make the blood glucose increase and try to ask
doctors from any recommendation).
 To conclude, diabetes is a very serious
disease, but if the diabetics take their
medicines, check the blood glucose, stay
away from smoking and do some exercise
they can stay healthy with diabetes. The
diabetic should take care from themselves
to not make this disease develop then they
can continue their life without health problems.
V Treatment of Diabetes
V There are several aspects in the treatment of
diabetes, each one with a very important
role
V The mainstays of diabetes treatment are:
V þorking towards obtaining ideal body weight
V Following a diabetic diet
V Regular exercise
V Diabetic medication if needed
V To stay up-to-date on diabetes research and
treatment advances,
V ote: Type 1 diabetes must be treated with
insulin; if you have type 2 diabetes, you may not
need to take insulin. This involves injecting
insulin under the skin for it to work. Insulin
cannot be taken as a pill because the digestive
juices in the stomach would destroy the insulin
before it could work. =cientists are looking for
new ways to give insulin. But today, shots are
the only method. There are, however, new
methods to give the shots. Insulin pumps are
now being widely used and many people are
having great results.
V jeneral Information
V
V Patient ame— LAXAMANA, ILUMINADA DE CA=TRO
V ïge— 59 years old Civil =tatus— Married
V ïddress— 18-131 AUjU=TU= =t. BFRV Las Piñas
V Occupation— Housewife
V Height: 5¶ 4´ Weight: 70 lbs BMI— 12 km/m2;


V Personal:
V Food likes: =inigang ,Menudo , =oftdrinks
V Food dislikes: Oily food, Hot & =picy , Alcohol
V Food ïllergy: None
V Medical History:
V Diabetes— Type 1
V Diabetes— 2years
V Cancer: Non
V Family History: (+) Diabetic ± Auntie
V Oast year: UTI
V =ocial History: (-) =moking, (-) Alcohol
V Patient ame— LAXAMANA, ILUMINADA DE CA=TRO
V ïge— 59 years old Civil =tatus— Married
V ïddress— 18-131 AUjU=TU= =t. BFRV Las Piñas
V Occupation— Housewife
V Height: 5¶ 4´ Weight: 70 lbs BMI—
2
12 km/m ; 

V Date ïdmitted— March 3, 2010
V ïttending physician: Dr.Mirasol
V Chief Complaint— non-healing wound R big toe medicated with
betadine
V Other findings— + swelling r Big toe, abraded skin sole are R Big toe
V How the patient was admitted: Carried by relative
V Diagnosis: Abscess R big toe of fore foot DM
V Procedure/Operations: Debridement,curettage, R Foot 03/05/10
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V Microbiology
V Microsopy
V Plus cells— 1-3/01F
V jram(-)Bacilli—10-20/01F
V (+)Coccosongly and in pairs 2-7/01F
V Culture
V Light growth of staphylococcus aureaus (Beta-lactamase)
V =ensitive—Cefoxitini;Oxacillin,=ulfa/Trimthropim
V jroup c-jentamin
V Intermediate—erythromycin
V Resistanti;clindamycin;penicillin;tetracycline;vancomycin
V Very light growth of klebsiella pbeumonia (E=BL)
V =ensitive—Cefazolin;Cefuroxime;jentamicini
V jroup B piperacillint/tazobactami;meropenemi;imipenem
V Resistant Ampicillin
 

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V COMPUTïTIO=
V Height: 5¶4´ = 163 cm
V Weight: 70 lbs = 32 kg
V
V DBW = 5¶4´ * 2.54 =162.56 cm
V 162.25 = ± 100 = 62.25
V = 62.25 ± 6.22 = 56kg
V TER (Harris ± Benedict Formula)
V
V TER = 655.1 + (9.56 * w) + (1.85 * H) ± (4.67 * A)
V = 655.1 + (9.56*32kg) + (1.85 * 163cm) ± (4.67 * 59yrs.old)
V = 655.1+ 305.92 + (1.85 * 163cm)-(4.67*59)
V = 655.1+ 305.92 + 301.55-(4.67*59)
V = 655.1+ 305.92 + 301.55-275.53
V = 961.02+ 301.55-275.53
V = 1262.57-275.53
V =987.24kcal + 500
V = 
 kcal or  kcal
V Percentage Distribution
V
V CHO = 1500 * 0.60 = 900 kcal/4 = 225 g
V CHO = 1500 * 0.15 = 225 kcal/4 = 55 g
V FïT = 1500 *0.25 = 375/9 = 40 g
V
V Dx  Cho 22 Chon  Fat g
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V BREïFï=T
V
V Fried Chicken wings DIER
V 1medium or 2 small
V 1 tsp corn oil =moked Beef Brisket ± ½ slice
V Matchbox size (5x3 -1/2x1-1/2cm)
V - 1 tsp Corn oil
V -1 cup cooked Ampalaya - 1 cup cooked Ampalaya
V -1/2cup raw Carrot - ½ Asparagus tips
V -2 Cup Plain rice - 1 þhole milk Fresh cow
V -1 þhole milk Fresh cow þater
V
V ïM =ïC
V -2pcs Apple
V
V OUCH
V -1 cup =alt þater mussel -1 cup
V
V -2 cup cooked Ampalaya
V -1/2 cup Carrot
V -2 cup Plain rice
V þater
V
V PM =ïC
V -1pc Mango
V
V