Lecture No 5

Circuit Analysis - Part 4

Nodal Voltage Method
Mesh-Current Method
Superposition and Source Transformation

Thevenin and Norton Equivalent

Circuits

Thevenins Theorem (1)

It states that a linear two-terminal
circuit (Fig. a) can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit (Fig. b) consisting
of a voltage source VTH in series with
a resistor RTH,
where

VTH is the open-circuit voltage at the

terminals.

RTH is the input or equivalent resistance at

the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off.
2

Example 1: Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals 1-2 of

the circuits.

Solution
To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
3A

10

10

20

40V

(a)

VTh

40

(b)
RTh = 20 + 10||40 = 20 + 400/50 = 28 ohms

To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

At node 1,

(40 v1)/10 = 3 + [(v1 v2)/20] + v1/40, 40 = 7v1 2v2

At node 2,

3 + (v1- v2)/20 = 0, or v1 = v2 60

Solving (1) and (2),

v2
+

RTh

40

20

v1

(1)
(2)

v1 = 32 V, v2 = 92 V, and VTh = v2 = 92 V

How to find Thevenins Theorem

Parameters Rth and Vth
6

To find Rth

Short the voltage sources,

open the current sources
and find the equivalent
resistance, this will be Rth
Example 2

RTh

(a)

6
2A

2A

(b)

To find Vth
Return the sources back and
find the voltage at the open
circuit branch (or at the parallel
branch
5
VTH = 6V, RTH = 3, i = 1.5A

+
VTh

To find Rth, consider the circuit in Fig. (a)

Solution

RTh=3
To find Vth, we use source transformation
as shown Fig. (b) and c)

Nortons Theorem (1)

It states that a linear two-terminal circuit
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
of a current source IN in parallel with a
resistor RN,
Where
IN is the short circuit current through
the terminals.
RN is the input or equivalent resistance
at the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off.
The Thevenins and Norton equivalent circuits are
related by a source transformation.

Example 3:Find the Norton equivalent of the

circuit.

To find the Norton Parameters:

RN=Rth, the same way as Rth
To find IN=I short circuit. The short circuit current is the IN
8

Solution
For RN, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
6

RN

4A

(a)

IN

(b)

RN = (6 + 6)||4 = 3 ohms
For IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). The 4-ohm resistor is shorted so that 4-A current is equally divided between the two 6ohm resistors. Hence,
IN = 4/2 = 2 A

Example 4: Find the Norton Equivalent

Circuit

We find RN
in the same
way as R th

RN =5//20=4

10

Example 4 cont.
Find the current in the short circuit terminals ab

Applying
mesh
analysis
20 I2 -4 i1 -12=0

i1=2A
iN= i 2
I2=1A

11

Nortons Theorem (Dependant Sources)

Example 5
Find the Norton equivalent
circuit of the circuit shown
below.

2vx
i

+
+

vx

ix

+
vx

1V

(a)

2vx
+
6

10 A

(b)

RN = 1, IN = 10A.

12

+
vx

Isc

13

Example 6: Find the Thevenin Equivalent

looking into terminals a-b of the circuit.

14

Solution
To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
RTh
a

10

10
(a)

10

+ V
Th
+

20V

10

1A

(b)

RTh = 10||10 + 5 = 10 ohms

To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
vb = 1x5 = 5 V, va = 20/2 = 10 V
But,

-va + VTh + vb = 0, or VTh = va vb = 10-5=5V

15

Maximum Power Transfer (1)

If the entire circuit is replaced by
its Thevenin equivalent except for
the load, the power delivered to
the load is:

VTh
RL
P i 2 RL
RTh RL

For maximum power dissipated

in RL, Pmax, for a given RTH,
and VTH,
2

RL RTH

Pmax

V
Th
4 RL

The power transfer profile with

different RL
16

Power delivered to the load as a function of R Load.

A function is max. when the derivative =0
P i 2 RL (
2

Vth
) 2 RL
Rth RL

RLVth

( Rth RL ) 2

dP
P
0
dRL
2

RLVth
'
(
)
0
2
( Rth RL )
dP Vth ( Rth RL ) 2 RLVth (2 Rth 2 RL )

0
4
dRL
( Rth RL )
2

ifVth ( Rth RL ) 2 RLVth (2 Rth 2 RL ) 0

2

if Rth RL 2 Rth RL 2 Rth RL 2 RL 0

2

Rth RL 0
2

Rth RL
2

Pmax

V
[ th ]
4 Rth
17

Example 7: Compute the value of RL that results in

maximum power transfer. Find the maximum power.

18

Solution
To find Rth, consider the circuit in
Fig. (a)

To find Vth, use source transformation

as in the circuit

Use Voltage divider rule:

19

The Thevenins Equivalent circuit

For maximum power transfer

RL=Rth =3
And the maximum power is:
2

Pmax

Vth
92
[
]
6.75
4 Rth
4*3

20

Example 8: find the Thevenin Equivalent of the

Circuit. Find IL if RL=6
We find Rth by
turning off the
32-V source
(replacing it with
a short circuit)
and turning off
the 2 A source
(replacing it with
an open circuit)
Rth=4//12 +1=4

21

To find Vth, applying mesh analysis to 2

loops

V is the same as the voltage across the 12 ohms

resistor = 2.5*12=30V
22

Example 9 : Maximum Power Transfer

Vth 40 Vth 80

0
8
2
Vth 72

Rth= =1.4+(2)(8)/10=3k

23

Example 10: Obtain the Norton Equivalent

at terminals a-b of the circuit

24

To get RN, apply a 1 mA source at the terminals a and b as shown in Fig.

(a).
We assume all resistances are in k ohms, all currents in mA, and all
voltages .
a

vab/1000
8 k

vab

80I
50 k

1mA

b
(a)

At node a, (vab/50) + 80I = 1

(1)

Also,
-8I = (vab/1000), or I = -vab/8000

(2)

From (1) and (2), (vab/50) (80vab/8000) = 1, or vab = 100

RN = vab/1 = 100 k ohms

25

To get IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

8 k

+
2V

80I

50 k

vab

IN

vab/1000
b
(b)

Since the 50-k ohm resistor is shorted,

IN = -80I, vab = 0
Hence, 8i = 2 which leads to I = (1/4) mA
IN = -20 mA

26

Example 11
Find the current through the galvanometer

Rth = 3K//1K +
400//600=750+240=990
27

Example 11 cont.
V1=(220/3K+1K)*1K=55V
V2=(220/400+600)*600=132V
Applying KVL around loop ab
- V1 + Vth + V2 =0
Vth =-77V

And the current will be

Ig=(-77/(990+40)=-74.76 mA

28

Maximum Power Transfer (2)

Example 12
Determine the value of RL that will
draw the maximum power from
the rest of the circuit shown below.
Calculate the maximum power.
+

vx

v0

vx

Fig. a

2
1

1
+

1V

3vx

(a)

RL = 4.22, Pm = 2.901W

9V

io
+

3vx

+
VTh

=> To determine RTH

Fig. b
=> To determine VTH

(b)

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Solution

30

Thevenins Theorem : A circuit with a

dependant current source
5

Example 13
Find the Thevenin equivalent
circuit of the circuit shown
below to the left of the
terminals.

6V

Ix

+
VTh
4

i2
i1
1.5Ix
i2

i1

b
(a)

0.5I

Ix

(b)

VTH = 5.33V, RTH = 0.44

+ 1V

1.5Ix

31

Solution

Ix=I2

32

Example 14: Obtain the

Thvenin and Norton
equivalent circuits of the
circuit with respect to
terminals a and b.

50
V

33

Example 15: Find the Norton

equivalent at terminals a-b of
the circuit

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