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WATER &

WASTEWATER
TREATMENT

Engineered Water Systems

Sources of Drinking Water


Groundwater
shallow wells (Unconfined Aquifer)
deep wells (Confined Aquifer)

Surface water
rivers
lakes
reservoirs

CHARACTERISTICS OF DRINKING WATER OF DIFFERENT


SOURCES

Characteristics Groundwater

River

Lake/
Reservoir

Generally safe

Not safe

Better than
river

Composition

Constant

Varying with
season

Relatively
constant

Turbidity/SS

Nil

Present

Very Less

Present

Variable

Variable

Sometimes

Nil

Variable

Safety
(bacteriological)

Minerals
Iron & Manganese

Water Treatment objective


Safe & Clean Water
The availability of reliable supply of
clean and safe water is one of the most
important determinants of our health

Steps

Surface Water

Hard Groundwater

Screening/Microstrainer

Aeration

Pre-Sedimentation/PreChlorination

Oxidation/Prechlorination

Rapid Mixing (Coagulation


Tank)

Rapid Mixing (Lime & Soda


Addition

Slow Mixing (Flocculation


Tank)

Precipitation

Sedimentation

Sedimentation

Filtration

Recarbonation

Adsorption Optional for


organics removal for better
taste/color/odor)

Filtration

Disinfection

Disinfection

Surface Water Treatment


Primary objectives are to
1. Remove suspended material (turbidity)
and color
2. Eliminate pathogenic organisms
Treatment technologies largely based on

.
.
.
.

Coagulation and flocculation


Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection

Surface Water Treatment


Screen Coagulant
Surface water
from supply
Rapi Flocculation
Rapid
d
Basin
Sand
Mix
Filter Disinfection
Storage

Sedimentatio
n
basin

Sludge

To
Distribution
System

Surface Water Treatment


Screen
Surface water
from supply
Rapi
Rapid
d
Sand
Mix
Filter Disinfection

Clariflocculator

Sludge

Storage

To
Distribution
System

Coagulation and Flocculation


Goal: To alter the surface charge of the
particles that contribute to color and
turbidity so that the particles adhere to one
another and are capable of settling by
gravity

Colloids
Small particles (0.001 to 1 m)
Usually negatively charged
Particles repel so suspension is
considered stable

Coagulation and Flocculation


Coagulation (process)

Colloidal particles
(0.001 - 1 m)

+
+ +
+

+
+
+ +
+ ++
++
+
+ +
+
++
+
+ ++ + +
+ +
++ +
++
+
+ +
+

floc
(1 - 100 m)

Coagulant
Non-toxic and relatively inexpensive
Insoluble in neutral pH range - do not want high
concentrations of metals left in treated water.
Alum: Al2(SO4)3.14H2O, Ferric chloride: FeCl3, Ferric
sulfate: FeSO4, Polyelectrolyte

How does alum work?


Al2(SO4)314H2O 2Al3++ 3SO42-+ 14H2O
2Al3+ + colloids neutralize surface charge
2Al3+ + 6HCO3- 2Al(OH)3(s) + 6CO2
If insufficient bicarbonate is available:
Al2(SO4)314H2O 2Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2SO4 -+ 14H2O

Optimum pH: 5.5 to 6.5


Operating pH: 5 to 8

Al3+ + H2O -------- Al(OH)2+ + H+

Aquometallic ions

Al3+ + H2O -------- Al(OH)2+ + H+


Al 3+ + H2O -------- Al(OH)3 + H+

Aquometallic ions, great


affinity to surfaces

Neutralization of
surface charge on
colloids

Aluminum Hydroxide Flocs

Rapid Mixing
Used to blend chemicals and water being
treated
Retention time from 10 - 30 sec.
Mechanical mixing using vertical-shaft impeller
in tank with baffles

Rapid Mixing

Flocculation
Paddle units
rotate slowly,
usually <1 rpm
Velocity of water:
0.5 - 1.5 ft/sec
Detention time of
at least 20 min

Flocculation

Sedimentation/Settling
Following flocculation, the water then
flows into the settling basins
Water is nearly quiescent low flow with
little turbulence
Water resides for at least 3 hours and the
flocs settle out and collect at the bottom.

Settling in Treatment Train

Circular Clarifiers

Type I Settling -- Stokes Law


g ( s )d
vs
18

where
s = settling velocity
s = density of particle (kg/m3)

g
d

= density of fluid (kg/m3)


= gravitational constant (m/s2)
= particle diameter (m)
= dynamic viscosity (Pas)

Overflow rate
Q
v
As
where
v = overflow
rate (m/s)
Q = water flow
(m3/s)
As = surface
area (m2)

Settling Basins: Fundamental Geometry

Vs

The particle will travel vertically from A to B in the same time as it takes to travel
horizontally from A to B
This is the detention time and is given by

H L
td

v s vh

Q
Also, from continuity, vh
BH
H
H Q
Q
Q
v s vh .

L
L BH BL AS
Q
is known as surface loading rate or overflow rate
AS

Coagulation-Rapid Mixing
Used to blend chemicals and water being
treated
Retention time from 10 - 30 sec.
Mechanical mixing using vertical-shaft impeller
in tank with baffles

Flocculation-Slow Mixing
Paddle units rotate slowly, usually <1 rpm
Velocity of water: 15 - 45 cm/sec
Detention time of at least 20 min

Filtration
The final step in removing particles is
filtration.
Removal of those particles that are too
small to be effectively removed during
sedimentation
Multiple removal mechanisms depending
on design
Sedimentation effluent: 1 - 10 NTU
Desired effluent level: <0.3 NTU

Removal Mechanism of filtration


Mechanical Straining of particles. Size of
particle > void space (slow sand filter)
Biological mechanism: impurities removal
by microorganisms on the top filter layer
(slow sand filter)
Adsorption to filter media
Sedimentation on filter media

Filtration

Single media: sand


Dual media: anthracite coal and sand
Multimedia: anthracite coal, sand and garnet
Natural filtration

Filter Design
Q
va
As
where
va = face velocity
(m/day) or loading rate
(m3/daym2)
Q = flow rate (m3/day)
As = filter surface area
(m2)

Slow sand filters:


va = 2.9 7.6 m3/daym2
Rapid sand filters:
va = 120 m3/daym2
Removal mechanisms
are different
Rapid sand widely used

Rapid Sand Filtration


As particles are removed - filter becomes
clogged - headloss increases, turbidity
increases
Must backwash (takes about 10-15 min)
done about once per day
Must design to handle flow with one filter
out of service

Rapid Sand Filtration


Backwashing is accomplished by forcing water
(and sometimes air) up from the clearwell back
through the filter.
The particles in the filter become suspended,
releasing the trapped particles.
Backwash water retreated or disposed of.

Head Loss

ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT FACILITY

Groundwater Treatment
Primary objectives are to
1.Remove hardness and other minerals
2.Eliminate Bacteria or Ensure Residual
Disinfectant in water
Treatment technologies largely based on
precipitation

Groundwater Treatment
Sedimentation
basin

Lime & Soda

Ground water
from wells
Recarbonation

Rapi
Slow
d
Basin
Mix
Disinfection
Storage
CO

Sludge

To Distribution
System

ION EXCHANGE
FOR HARDNESS
REMOVAL

REVERSE OSMOSIS

REVERSE OSMOSIS

Wastewater Treatment:
Characteristics and Systems

OBJECTIVES

WHY ???
Waste

FINAL GOAL

?
?

Significance of Wastewater
Contaminants
Suspended solids can cause sludge deposits
and anaerobic conditions in the environment
Biodegradable organics can cause anaerobic
conditions in the environment
Pathogens transmit disease
Nutrients can cause eutrophication
Heavy metals toxicity to biota and humans
Refractory organics toxicity to biota and humans
Dissolved solids interfere with reuse

Characteristics of Domestic
Wastewater

On-Site Disposal Systems


In locations where sewers and a centralized
wastewater treatment system are not available,
on site disposal must be used
Septic systems most common for individual
residences
Engineered systems used for unfavorable site
conditions
Larger systems required for housing clusters,
rest areas, commercial and industrial facilities

Septic Systems

Septic Systems

Septic Tank settling, flotation and anaerobic degradation

Septic Systems

Drain field (cross-section) aerobic degradation

Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Systems
Pretreatment removes materials
that can cause operational
problems, equalization optional
Primary treatment remove ~60%
of solids and ~35% of BOD
Secondary treatment (Biological
Treatment) remove ~85% of BOD
and solids
Advanced treatment varies: 95+
% of BOD and solids, N, P

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Aeration
Tanks

Secondary
Clarifiers

Return Sludge
Pumping Facility

Sludge
Thickeners

Anaerobic
Digestors

Primary
Clarifiers

Pretreatment of Industrial
Wastewaters
Industrial wastewaters must be pretreated
prior to being discharged to municipal
sewer system
Approach is to remove materials that will
not be treated by municipal system
Local authority must monitor and regulate
industrial discharges
Pretreatment requirements set by
MoEF ,Govt. of India & U.S. EPA

Bar racks
Purpose
remove larger objects

Solid material stored


in hopper and sent to
landfill
Mechanically or
manually cleaned

Grit Chambers
Purpose: remove inert
dense material, such as
sand, broken glass, silt
and pebbles
Avoid abrasion of
pumps and other
mechanical devices
Material is called grit

Grit Chambers: Velocity


Controlled

Primary Settling
Basins

Primary Settling

Primary Settling Tank Design


Size
rectangular: 3-24 m wide x 15-100 m long
circular: 3-90 m diameter

Detention time: 1.5-2.5 hours


Overflow rate: 25-60 m3/m2day
Typical removal efficiencies
solids: 50-60%
BOD5: 30-35%

Secondary Treatment
Provide BOD removal beyond what is
achieved in primary treatment
removal of soluble BOD
additional removal of suspended solids

Basic approach is to use aerobic


biological degradation:
organic carbon + O2 CO2
Objective is to allow the BOD to be
exerted in the treatment plant rather than
in the stream

How is this accomplished?


Create a very rich
environment for
growth of a diverse
microbial community

Microorganisms + Organic Matter + O2


Wastewater with
organic matter S0

= CO2 + New microorganisms MLSS

Microorganisms
separated from water

Microorganism
combined together and
form flocs (X)

Qr Xs
Qw Xs

Basic Ingredients
High density of microorganisms (keep
organisms in system)
Good contact between organisms and
wastes (provide mixing)
Provide high levels of oxygen (aeration)
Favorable temperature, pH, nutrients
(design and operation)
No toxic chemicals present (control
industrial inputs)

Biological Treatment
Aerobic:
Activated Sludge Process (ASP)
Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

Anaerobic Process
Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) Reactor

Activated Sludge
Process in which a mixture of wastewater and
microorganisms (biological sludge) is agitated
and aerated
Leads to oxidation of dissolved organics
After oxidation, separate sludge from
wastewater
Induce microbial growth
Need food, oxygen
Want Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) of
3,000 to 6,000 mg/L

Activated sludge

Activated Sludge
w/w
Return
Activate
d Sludge
(RAS)

Waste
Activate
d
Sludge

Mixed
Liquor

Air

Treated
Secondary w/w
clarifier

Discharge to
River or Land
Application

Sludge Treatment
Bar screens
Grit chambers

Not true sludge, not a


fluid.
Since it can be drained
easily
and is relatively stable, it
can be disposed of
directly in a municipal
landfill.

Sludge Treatment: Thickening


Gravity thickening

Flotation
Especially effective
on activated sludge
Increases solids
content from 0.5 - 1%
to 3-6%
Primary
Sludge
Secondary
Sludge

Best with primary


sludge
Increases solids
content from 1-3% to
10%

Gravity Thickening
Further processing
Flotation

Sludge Treatment: Stabilization


Anaerobic Digestion
2 stage: acid fermentation followed by methane
production
Advantages:
produce methane
do not add oxygen

As with aerobic digestion, supernatant goes to


headworks

Stabilization

Anaerobic Digestion

Sludge Treatment: De-watering


Sludge Drying Beds

Most popular method


Simple
Low maintenance
Effected by climate

Filtration
Apply vacuum to pull
out water
Force out water by
essentially squeezing
water between two
moving filter belts

Sequencing Batch Reactor: Modified Activated Sludge


Process System :Single Tank without any primary or
secondary clarifier, Space requirement 2/3 to Half of
ASP, Nutrient Removal is Possible

Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor:


Activated Sludge Process with
plastic media to retain more
biomass. Space requirement
2/3 to Half of ASP,

UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET REACTOR

Low-tech solutions
(Waste Stabilization Pond)
Ponds 1 - 2.5 m
deep
td = 30 - 180 d
not easily subject
to upsets due to
fluctuations in Q,
loading
low capital, O&M
costs

Waste Stabilization Pond

BOD
Non-Settleable

CO2

Final Effluent
No BOD

O2
(During Day)

O2

Algae
N&P

O2

CO2
Bacteria

CH4 & CO2


Settleable BOD

WASTE STABILIZATION
POND

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