Audio Technology

introduction
Iwan Sonjaya,MT

What is sound?
Sound is a physical phenomenon caused by
vibration of material (ex.: violin). As the matter
vibrates, pressure variations are created in the
air around it. The pressure waves propagate in
the air. When a wave reaches the human
eardrums, a sound is heard.

Ear: receive 1-D waves.

Cochlea: convert to frequency dependent
nerve firings,
sent to the brain.

Suara (Sound)
Fenomena fisik yang dihasilkan oleh
getaran benda
Getaran suatu benda yang berupa
sinyal analog dengan amplitudo yang
berubah secara kontinyu terhadap
waktu

The wave form occurs repeatedly at regular

interval or periods. A sound with a
recognizable periodicity is called music. Nonperiodic sounds called noises.
Air
pressure

period
amplitude
time

A sound frequency is the reciprocal value of its

period. The frequency represents the number
of periods per seconds and is measured in
hertz (Hz). A kHz describes 1000 oscillations
per second or 1000 Hz.

Frequency Ranges
The frequency range is divided into:
Infrasonic: 0 to 20 Hz
Audio-sonic: 20Hz to 20 kHz (Human hearing
frequency)
Ultrasonic: 20kHz to 1 GHz
Hypersonic: 1GHz to 10 THz

In multimedia we are
concerned with sounds in the
audiosonic range.

Frequency-Change of pitch

Amplitude
The amplitude of the sound is the displacement of the air pressure
from its quiescent state, which humans perceive subjectively as
loudness or volume. Sound pressure levels are measured in (db).
OR The amplitude of a sound is a measuring unit used to deviate
the pressure wave from its main value.
0 db
20 db
35 db
70 db
130 db

- no sound
- rustling of paper
- quiet home
- noisy street
pain threshold

Amplitudedetermines

Amplitude-change volume

Audio Representation on
Computers

A computer measures the amplitude of the waveform at regular

time intervals It then generates a series of sampling values. The
mechanism that converts an audio signal into digital samples is
the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). A digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) is used to achieve the opposite conversion.

Audio Sampling
1.

Determine number of samples per second;

2.

At each time interval determine the amplitude;

3.

Stored the sample rate and the individual amplitudes.

Sampling Rate: The number of samples per second. The CD

standard rate of 44100 Hz means that the wave form is sampled
44100 times per second.

Quantization: is a value of the sample. The resolution of a sample

value depends on the number of bits used in measuring the
height of the waveform.
The sampled waveform with a 3 bits quantization results in only
eight possible values: 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, 0.00, - 0.25, - 0.50, -0.75
and -1. An 8 bit quantization yields 256 possible values, 16 bit
result in over 65536 values.
Quantization introduces
noise

The lower quantization, the lower quality of

the sound.

File size versus quality

1: Sampling at higher rates more accurately captures the high frequency content.
2: Audio resolution determines the accuracy with which a sound can be digitized.
3: Using more bits yields a recording that sounds more like its original.
4: High sample rate with high resolution = large files.

Here are the formulas for determining the size (in bytes) of a
digital recording:
For monophonic recording:
Sampling rate * duration of recording in second * bit resolution / 8
For stereo recording:
Sampling rate * duration of recording in second * bit resolution / 8 * 2
Thus the formula for a 10 second recording at 22.05 KHz, 8 bit resolution would be:
22050 * 10 * 8/8 * 1 = 220, 500 bytes
A ten second stereo recording at 44.1 KHz, 16 bit resolution would be :
44100 * 10 * 16 / 8 * 2 = 1,764, 000 bytes
3D Sound Projection: The shortest path between
sound source and the auditor is called the direct
sound path. All other sound paths are reflected
which means they are temporarily delayed
before they reach the auditor's ear.

MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface ) versus

digital audio
The MIDI is a small piece that plugs directly into the
computers serial port and allows the transmission of music
signals. Note that: MIDI does not produce sound, only
produce the parameters that are needed to be sent to the
device that translates those numbers into sound.
Physical Specification:
1: 5 pin DIN
a - pin 2: ground
b - pins 4 and 5: data
c - pins 1 and 3: unconnected
2: Shielded twisted pair of 50 feet max length
Electrical Specification:
1: Asynchronous serial interface.
2: 8 data bits, 1 start bit, and 1 stop bit
3: Logic 0 is current ON
4: Rise and fall time <= 2 msec

Data format has instrument specification, notion of

beginning and end of note, frequency and sound volume.
This data grouped into MIDI messages that specify a

A message contains 1 to 2 or 3 bytes.

1: First byte is status byte used to transmit message to a
specific channel.
2: Remaining bytes are data bytes:
The number
of data
is dependent
on status
byte.
MIDI standard
specifies
16 bytes
channels
and identifies
128

instruments. For example, 0 is for piano, 40 for violin, 73

for
flute,
etc.
Q1:the
Does
one channel
correspond to one instrument?
If an instrument is defined as a MIDI device, then typically
yes, one channel will send information to one of the
instruments in the MIDI chain. If, on the other hand,
instrument is defined as the sound patch or voice being
played (i.e. piano, tuba, violin), then yes, one MIDI
channel carries voice message information for a single
Q2: Can a user define a new instrument?
patch only.
No. MIDI contains only control information. The
instrument heard depends entirely on the MIDI
Q3: Can
physical
be the
included?
device
usedmodeling
to decode
stream.
No. physical modeling cannot be represented using

Q4: What goes through the MIDI

cable?
Voltage

1: Timed pulses of electricity 31250 per second

Time
voltage: lo

hi lo hi

lo

hi lo hi lo hi

lo

hi

lo

bits: 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

2: MIDI Data Encoding

bits: 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

stop bit

byte

start bit

Q4: Talk about the MIDI messages ?

MIDI messages are divided into two different types:
1: Channel Message: Channel messages go only to specified devices.
A - Channel voice messages that describe music by defining pitch,
amplitude, duration and other sound qualities.
B - Channel mode messages determine the way that a receiving MIDI
device responds to channel voice messages.
2: System Message: System message go to all devices in a MIDI system
because no channel number are specified.
A - System real time messages are short and simple consisting of only
one byte. These message synchronize the timing of MIDI devices in
performance; therefore, it is important that they be sent at
precisely
the time they are required.
B - System common message are commands that are used to play a
song. These messages enable you to select a song, find a common
starting place in the song and tune all the synthesizers.
C - System exclusive message allow MIDI manufactures to create
customized MIDI message to send between their MIDI devices.

MIDI versus digital audio

In contrast to MIDI data, digital audio data are the actual representation of
sound, stored in the form of thousands of individual samples (i.e. MIDI
data are device dependent; digital audio are not).
MIDI data has several advantage:
1. MIDI data are much more compact than digital audio files, and the size of
the MIDI file is completely independent on playback quality. In general
MIDI files will be 200 to 1000 times smaller than digital audio files.
2. Because MIDI files are small, they dont take up as much RAM, disk
space, and CPU resources.
3. MIDI data are completely editable.
Now for disadvantage:
1. Because MIDI data do not represent sound but musical instruments, you
can certain that playback will be accurate only if the MIDI playback
device is identical to the device used for production.
2. MIDI can not easily be used to playback spoken dialog.
MIDI Devices:
1. Sound generator: The principal purpose of the generator is to produce an
audio signal that becomes sound when fed into a loudspeaker.
2. Microprocessor: The microprocessor communicates with the keyboard to
know what notes the musician is playing, and with control panel to know
what commands the musician wants o send to the microprocessor.
3. Keyboard: The sound intensity of a tone depends on the speed and
acceleration of the key pressure.
4: Control panel: The control panel controls those functions that are not
directly concerned with notes and duration.
5. Memory: Memory is used to store patches for sound generator and
setting on the control panel.

Coding Methods

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