Psychology
Psychology:
A Concise Introduction
2nd Edition
Richard Griggs
Chapter 7
Prepared by
J. W. Taylor V
Developmental Psychology
The
Conception to Birth
Infancy
Birth to 2 years
Childhood
2 to 12 years
Adolescence
12 to 18 years
Young Adulthood
18 to 40 years
Middle Adulthood
40 to 65 years
Late Adulthood
The Journey
Prenatal
How
Moral
Prenatal Development
and Infancy
Prenatal
Development
How We Develop
During Infancy
Prenatal Development
Human
The
The Gene
The
Every
Sex Determination
It
Twins
Sometimes
Twins
Fraternal
Embryonic
Fetal
Influences
Prenatal
Motor
Motor
Development
Development
SensorySensoryPerceptual
Perceptual
Development
Development
Motor Development
Sensory-Perceptual Development
Preferential-looking
technique is used to
study vision
Sensory-Perceptual Development
Habituation
Sensory-Perceptual Development
Sensory-Perceptual Development
Hearing
Sensory-Perceptual Development
The
Very
Sensory-Perceptual Development
How We Think
Throughout Our Lives
How We Learn Language
Piagets Theory of
Cognitive Development
Vygotskys Sociocultural
Approach to Development
How Intelligence Changes in Adulthood
Language Stages
Infants
Language Stages
At
Language Stages
Language Stages
Language Stages
Language
development is a genetically
programmed ability
Thus,
Piagets Theory of
Cognitive Development
Schemas
Organized units of knowledge about objects, events,
and actions
Cognitive adaptation
involves two processes
Assimilation is the
interpretation of new
experiences in terms of
present schemes
Accommodation is the
modification of present
schemes to fit with new
experiences
Schemas
Piagets Stages of
Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Birth to 2 years
Preoperational
2 to 6 years
12+ years
Piagets Stages of
Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage
Infant learns about the world through their
sensory and motor interactions (including
reflexes)
Lack object permanence, the knowledge than
an object exists independent of perceptual
contact
Symbolic representation of objects and events
starts to develop during the latter part of the
sensorimotor stage (e.g., use of telegraphic
speech)
Preoperational Stage
The childs thinking becomes more symbolic and
language-based, but remains egocentric and lacks the
mental operations that allow logical thinking
Egocentrism is the inability to distinguish ones own
perceptions, thoughts, and feelings from those of others
Preoperational Stage
Preoperational Stage
A
Tests of Conservation
Vygotskys Sociocultural
Approach to Development
How Intelligence
Changes in Adulthood
How Intelligence
Changes in Adulthood
Problem with cross-sectional research
Time consuming
Expensive
Repeated testing necessary
Participants die/drop out of the research
Those who participate over the entire course of the research
may have been the most intelligent and healthiest participants
whose intelligence would be the most likely not to decline
Types of Intelligence
Crystallized intelligence refers to accumulated
knowledge, verbal skills, and numerical skills
that increase
with age
Fluid intelligence involves
abilities such as abstract
thinking, logical problem
solving, and spatial reasoning
that decrease with age
Types of Intelligence
Started in 1956 with more than 5000 participants being tested every 7
months through 1998
Groups of new participants were added periodically, making the
research part cross-sectional and part longitudinal
Found that most intellectual abilities decline somewhat by age 60, but
the decline is not great until a person reaches age 80 or more
Those who suffer the least decline are those who stayed healthy, of
higher socioeconomic status, and are in intellectually stimulating
environments
Kohlbergs Theory
of Moral Reasoning
Built on an earlier theory of moral reasoning proposed by Piaget,
using a series of stories that involved moral
dilemmas to assess a
persons level of moral
reasoning
Discerned three levels of
moral reasoning based
on responses to the
stories and the reasoning
behind the responses given
Kohlbergs Levels
of Moral Reasoning
1. At the preconventional level of moral reasoning,
the emphasis is on avoiding punishment and looking
out for your own welfare and needs
Kohlbergs Levels
of Moral Reasoning
Level 1 Preconventional Morality
Stage 1 Punishment Compliance with rules to
orientation avoid punishment
Stage 2 Reward
orientation
Kohlbergs Levels
of Moral Reasoning
Level 2 Conventional Morality
Stage 3 Good-girl/
good-boy
orientation
Kohlbergs Levels
of Moral Reasoning
Level 3 Postconventional Morality
Stage 5 Social
contract
orientation
Stage 6 Universal
ethical
principles
orientation
Kohlbergs Theory
of Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg
Kohlbergs Theory
of Moral Reasoning
Shortcomings
of Kohlbergs theory
Attachment and
Harlows Monkeys
Harry
Attachment and
Harlows Monkeys
Attachment and
Harlows Monkeys
Attachment and
Harlows Monkeys
When
Types of Attachment
Secure
Secure
InsecureInsecureambivalent
ambivalent
InsecureInsecuredisorganized
disorganized
Types of Attachment
Insecure-avoidant attachment
is indicated by exploration, but
minimal interest in the mother,
the infant showing little
distress when the mother
leaves, and avoiding her
when she returns
Types of Attachment
Types of Attachment
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian Parents are demanding, expect unquestioned
obedience, are not responsive to their childrens
desires, and communicate poorly with their children
Authoritative Parents are demanding but set rational limits for
their children and communicate well with their
children
Permissive
Uninvolved
Parenting Styles
An
Eriksons Psychosocial
Stage Theory of Development
Children learn to be
competent by mastering new
intellectual, social, and
physical skills or feel inferior
if they fail to develop these
skills
Generativity vs.
Stagnation
(middle adulthood)
Eriksons Psychosocial
Theory of Development