Assignment 1 LAST

Assignment 1 Presentation
CHEMICAL PLANT DESIGN
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
PRODUCTION FROM
OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT
BUNCHES ASHES
GROUP 26
Amirah Amatullah
(1206262071)
Farisa Imansari
(1206212426)
Nurhayati
(1206246616)
Osvaldo Sahat
(1206247796)
Shella
(1206238721)
BIOPROCESS ENGINEeRING /DEPARTMENT OF chemical ENGINEERING

/faculty of engineering UNIVERSITas indonesia
Outline
CHAPTER I
Background
Literature overview
Raw Material Analysis
Market and Production Capacity
Analysis
Plant Location Analysis
CHAPTER III
Mass Balance
Energy Balance
CHAPTER II
Process Selection
Process Description
Block Flow Diagram
Process Flow Diagram
CHAPTER IV
Conclusion
Chapter
{ Background }
Indonesia
Currently
Oil
palm empty
the
is the
oilfruit
largest
palmbunch
empty
producer
usually
ash
fruit
known
and
bunch
used
exporter
toby
ash
have
the
just
of
high
CPO
used
palm
potassium
oil worldwide.
levels.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES ASHES group 26
{ Literature overview }
Properties of potassium chloride
Chemical formula
KCl
Molar mass
74.5513 gmol1
Appearance
white crystalline solid
Odor
odorless
Density
1.984 g/cm3
Melting point
770C (1,420F; 1,040K)
Boiling point
1,420C (2,590F; 1,690K)
Solubility in water
281g/L (0C)
344g/L (20C)
567g/L (100C)
Solubility
soluble inglycerol,alkalies
slightly soluble inalcohol,
insoluble inether
Acidity(pKa)
~7

(Source: various
Properties
Potassium chloride is a colorless or white, cubic, crystalline compound
that closely resembles sod
{ Raw material analysis }

The main raw material of potassium chloride plant is oil palm empty fruit bunch
ash, which often used as fertilizer. Oil palm empty fruit bunch ash has high
potassium levels. The chemical composition of oil palm empty fruit bunch ash is:
(Source: Nurhayati Abdullah and Fauziah Sulaiman, 2013)
The ash composition of the oil palm empty fruit bunch

{ Raw material analysis }

Availability and potential of oil palm empty fruit bunch ash can be seen from the
CPO plant production capacity data. Here is palm oil production data from 2007
until 2015:
Palm oil production and export
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Production
(million metric
tons)
Export
(million metric
tons)
Export
(in USD billion)
16.8
19.2
19.4
21.8
23.5
26.5
27.0
31.0
31.5
n.a
14.2
15.5
15.6
16.5
18.1
21.2
20.0
19.5
n.a
15.6
10.0
16.4
20.2
21.6
19.0
18.4
(Source : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Indonesian Palm Oil Producers
Association (Gapki) and Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, 2015)
The CPO industry will obtain oil palm fruit empty bunch waste around 1.2-1.4
tons for each ton CPO production
{ Market and Production Capacity Analysis }

KCl is currently produced from
three major production regions;
Canada, Russia,
and Belarus
(together account 60% of global
production)
Global potash consumption is
currently 60 million tons, and
expected to grow to 70 million
tons by 2020 and 80 million tons
by 2025 according to Fertecon
Forecast of global KCl deliveries to 2017
According to CRU, 91 percent of all
Source: (CRU, 2012)
KCl used in fertilizers
Together, the U.S., Brazil, China and India represent about two-thirds of world potash
consumption

{ Market and Production Capacity Analysis }
In this
For
The
market
analysis
share
wewe
will
only
usetake
the 2%
global demand of potassium chloride data as our reference to determine the capacit
Market analysis of potassium chloride
Parameter
Global demand of potassium chloride in Southeast
Asia, 2015
Global demand of potassium chloride for nonfertilizer
Global demand of potassium chloride for industrial
Market share
Production capacity for Southeast Asia
Production capacity of our plant (Just to meet the
demand of 4 countries)
Production capacity / day
Quantity
Unit
Source
6 million
Tons/year
CRU
540000
Tons/year
CRU
54000
2%
1080
Tons/year
%
Tons/year
K+S Group
Assumption
Calculation
390
Tons/year
Calculation
1,2
Tons/day
Assumption: 330
work day

{ Plant Location Analysis }

10
(Source: Googlemaps.com, 2015)
We decided to built our plant beside PT Agronusa Investama in Sambas, West

Kalimantan, which has the production capacity of up to 60 tons/day CPO
Place of Sambas, near Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei Darussalam

11

is
near
from
the
the
harbor
source
raw material,
TheItClose
advantages
to of
build
potassium chloride plant near PT.

12
Chapter
II
Process Selection
Neutralization
Material
Purification
Equipment

14
{ Neutralization }
Neutralization is used to separate Potassium from the other logam ,
such as calcium and magnessium to form potassium chloride (KCl)
Neutralization reactions involve the reaction of an acid with a base (hydroxide).
This separation using precipitation method, where strong acids reacted with salts
of strong acids so the solution not dissolve
1 .NaCl + K + KCl + Na+
2. HCl + K+ KCl + H+
15 FROM OIL PALM

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION
{ Material Selection }
Ksp
HCl + K+ KCl + H+
Reactivity
Lattice
enthalpy
HCl selected because Ksp values

of HCl is higher than NaCl, so
neutralization will work faster when
using HCl solution.
Potassium is more reactive than the

sodium, the potassium is easier
ionizing and become soluble so that
it will not happen precipitation
reaction.
Lattice enthalpy NaCl > Lattice

enthalpy KCl, so K+ ion tends to
be more soluble in concentrated

16
Table Comparison between sodium chloride and

hydrochloride acid for neutralization
Parameter
Percentage
Time needed during the

process
NaCl
HCl
Rating
Scoring
Rating
Scoring
15%
0.3
0.75
CAPEX and OPEX
25%
1.25
0.75
Solubility
25%
0.75
1.25
Energy needed for

neutralization process
10%
0.2
0.4
11
2.5
18
3.15
TOTAL
65%

17
{ Purification }
There are two general purification process to separate
potassium and other ions.
Mixing
Mixing boiling
boiling water
water
Evaporation
Evaporation

18
{ Equipment Selection }
Mixing boiling water
The energy thermal of boiling water
came from boiler.
The type of boiler used is thermal liquid
heater
The most common heat sources are gas
and oil fuels, and electricity.
But, thermal fluids typically do not
transfer heat as well as water, serious
containment problems with thermal
fluids at high temperatures, including
corrosion, erosion, and freezing.
The cost production of this process is
expensive
Evaporation
The energy of evaporator using

steam.
The purity of the evaporator has a
higher purity level than mixing boiling
water up to 96.5%,
Heat energy from the evaporator only
from steam
Evaporator no need to use distilled
water in the process.
Capital cost evaporator is smaller than
the mixing boiling water from the
energy, utility, and equipment.

19
{ Table Comparison between mixing boiling water and

evaporation for purification }
Evaporator
Mixing Boiling Water
Parameter
Percentag
e
Rating
Scoring
Rating
Scoring
Purity
25%
1.25
0.75
Energy
requirement
25%
1.25
0.75
Utility for water
25%
1.25
0.5
CAPEX and OPEX
25%
1.25
0.75
TOTAL
25%
11
2.5
18
1.5

20
{ Storage of OPFEB Ashes }

Main Raw Material: Ash from oil palm fruit empty fruit
bunches
Silo Tank: A vessel or a container which is specifically

functioned to safe raw materials in bulk.
Silo Tank
It enables an easy and significant way of raw

materials storing.
It might increase the production capacity.
It can provide a higher quality of raw materials since
it is highly impenetrable by pollutants.
It provides a cleaner working environment because
the raw materials used is measured and transferred
to the next equipment process automatically
through a safe and enclosed tube.

21
{ Solid-Liquid Separation }
Leaching: an operation where the two
phases involved, solid and liquid, are in
intimate contact. The solutes are able to
diffuse from the solid to the liquid phase,
causing a separation of the components
originated in the solid.
Water leaching: construed as the
removal of water soluble and ionexchangeable inorganic constituents from
solid substrate with water. It is an
inexpensive
method
to
decrease
inorganic constituents in the biomass
content.
Except KCl, there would still be some other

constituents
dissolved.
Counter-current
leaching is applied in this leaching process to
increase the potassium chloride concentration
in the leaching liquor.
Countercurrent Leaching. (A) Launder; (B) Rake; (C) Pump

22
{ Solid-Liquid Separation }
PROCESS OPERATION CONDITIONS
Ratio of the liquid and solid fed to the unit 10:1
Stirring speed 550 rad/min
Time 30 minutes
Temperature 35oC
Pressure 1 bar
Inlet per day 7 tons of ashes, 70 tons of water
Liquid out 70.7161 tons/day
Solid out 6.2839 tons/day

23
{ Neutralization with Hydrochloric Acid }

The liquid containing potassium that is generated from water leaching is
transferred to a batch reactor vessel where it is subjected with hydrochloric
acid to form a neutralization reaction.
Objective: to precipitate potassium chloride by
reacting potassium ion from the leached ashes
with hydrochloric acid.
The reaction between potassium and hydrochloric
acid has the lowest Ksp value compared to the
other compounds if reacted with said acid.
Since it has the lowest Ksp value, potassium
chloride is more likely to precipitate first
before the other precipitation that can occur
(calcium chloride or magnesium chloride).
Batch Reactor Illustration

24
{ Neutralization with Hydrochloric Acid }

Temperature 27oC
Pressure 1 bar of
Time 1 hour
Inlet per day 70.7161 feed, 1.26817 HCl
Outlet 71.98427 tons/day

25
{ Filtration }
Filtration: the process of separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by
causing the latter to pass through the pores of some substance called a filter. The
liquid that passes through the filter is called the filtrated.
Objective: the removal of the residual liquid that wets the potassium chloride
produced after the neutralization process. The liquid from wet potassium chloride
formed from the neutralization process is full of Calcium and Magnesium ions which
could affect the purity of potassium chloride needed.
Microfiltration: a common form of
physical filtration process where a
contaminated fluid is flown through an
exclusively
specific
pore-sized
membrane to separate the solid and
suspended particles from process liquid.
Doesnt need additional cleaning chemicals, generates

high flow throughput and dry concentrate
Needs low operation costs
Uses pressure less than 4 bar
Fully automatic
Constructed from stainless steel
Provides a process as sterile as possible.

26
{ Filtration }
Time 30 minutes
Temperature 27oC
Pressure 1 bar
Membrane size 0.1 m
Feed Inlet 71.98427 tons/day
Filtrate 63.75 tons/day
Concentrate 8.24 tons/day

27
{ Evaporation }
Falling
film
evaporator
is
constructed with vertical shell-andtube heat exchanger, with a laterally
or
concentrically
arranged
centrifugal separator.
Typical Falling Film Evaporator

Configuration
Objective: to produce a more moistureless final

product.
Evaporation: the process by which
changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.
water
Provides a higher product quality due to the gentle

evaporation and extremely short residence times in
the falling film evaporator.
Caters high energy efficiency, due to the multipleeffect arrangement or heating by thermal or
mechanical vapor recompressor.
Requires simple process control and automation.
Reacts quickly to changes in energy supply, vacuum,
feed quantities, concentrations, etc. (Important for a
uniform final concentrate).

28
{ Evaporation }
Temperature 95oC
Time 30 minutes
Pressure 1 bar
Feed is heated in advance with a heater until it reaches 95oC.
Requires a steam generator
Feed inlet 8.246 tons/day
Gas out 7.071 tons/day
Solid out 1.165 tons/day

29
{ Crystallization }
Crystallization: chemical solidliquid separation technique, where mass transfer of a solute
from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs; the formation of solid crystal
precipitating from a solution, melt or more rarely deposited directly from a gas.
Objective: to form potassium chloride with more pure and more uniform-sized.
Draft-Tube Crystallizer with DirectContact Cooling
Draft-tube (DT) crystallizer uses direct-contact

cooling, evaporation, or adiabatic evaporative
cooling to generate supersaturation.
It provides a mixed suspension as the active volume
for relieving the supersaturation.
This type of crystallizer employs internal magma
recirculation to control supersaturation generation.
It usually provides a mechanism for classified
product removal.

30
{ Crystallization }
Temperature 18oC
Pressure 1 bar
Time 30 minutes
Feed inlet 1.165 tons/day
Solid Outlet 1.165 tons/day
Requires a chiller for the cooled water as cooling agent
Feed is cooled in advance with a cooler until it reaches 18oC.

31
{ Block Flow Diagram }

Water
EPOFB
Ashes
Storage
EPOFB
Ashes
Leaching
Leached
Liquid
Leaching Residual
HCl
Neutralization
Mineral Residue
Steam
KCl (Wet)
Microfiltration
KCl Cake
Evaporation
KCl (Dry)
Crystallization
Residue
KCl
Packaging

32
{ Process Flow Diagram }

33
Chapter
III
{ Mass balance }
EPOFB Ash Input
Stream
(Ton/day)
Component
Outpu
Input
t
Ash
7
7
(Biomass)
Water
-
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
HCl
KCl
Total
7
7
35
{ Mass balance }
Mass Balance of Leaching Process
Componen
Solid
t
In
Ash
(Biomass)
Water
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
HCl
KCl
Total
Stream (Ton/day)
Liquid Liquid
Solid
In
Out
Out
6.23
-
7
70
-
70
70
0.603
0.100
0.013
-70.72
0
0
0
0
--
6.23
Mass Balance of Acid Base

Neutralization Process
Componen
t
Ash
(Biomass)
Water
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
HCl
KCl
Total
Stream (Ton/day)
HCl
Input
Output
37%
-
70
0.603
0.100
0.013
70.72
0.706
0.563
-
1.27
70.71
0
0.100
0.013
0
1.16
71.98

36
{ Mass balance }
Mass Balance of Microfiltration Process Mass Balance of Evaporation
Process
Stream (Ton/day)
Stream (Ton/day)
Componen
t
Feed
Filtrate
Concentrat
e
Ash
(Biomass)
Water
70.71
63.63
7.070
K+
Ca2+
0.100
0.100
Mg2+
0.013
0.013
HCl
KCl
1.165
1.165
Total
71.98
63.75
8.236
Componen
t
Ash
(Biomass)
Water
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
HCl
KCl
Total
Feed
Vapor
Liquor
7.070
0
0
0
0
1.165
8.236
7.070
0
0
0
0
7.070
0
0
0
0
0
1.165
1.165

37
{ Mass balance }
Mass Balance of Crystallization ProcessMass Balance of Filling Process
Componen
t
Ash
(Biomass)
Water
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
HCl
KCl
Total
Stream (Ton/day)
Feed
Vapor Product
1.165
1.165
0
0
1.165
1.165
Componen
t
Ash
(Biomass)
Water
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
HCl
KCl
Total
Stream (Ton/day)
Input
Output
1.165
1.165
1.165
1.165

38
{ Energy balance }
Energy Balance of Water Leaching Process
Input (kJ)
Ash
Water
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
Total
205800
10265500
10471300
Output (kJ)
Ash
Water
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
Total
184746.66
10265500
11391.03
2207.205
488.775
10464333.67
Heat Loss
(kJ)
6966.33
Energy Balance of Neutralization Process

Input (kJ)
Water
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
HCl
37%
KCl
Total
Output (kJ)
7998918.532
8787.366
1702.701
377.055
Water
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
7998918.532
1702.701
377.055
47699.17794
HCl 37%
8057484.832
KCl
Total
21709.96749
8022708.256
Heat Loss
(kJ)
34776.58

39
{ Energy balance }
Energy Balance of Filtration Process
Input (kJ)
Water
Ca2+
Mg2+
KCl
Total
7998918.5
1702.701
377.055
21709.967
8022708.26
Output (kJ)
Water
Ca2+
Mg2+
KCl
Total
7998918.53
1702.701
377.055
21709.967
8022708.26
Heat Loss
(kJ)
0.00
Energy Balance of Evaporation Process

Input (kJ)
Water
Vapor
KCl
Total
2814434
76386.92
2890821
Output (kJ)
Water
Vapor
KCl
Total
1266160
76386.92
1342547
Heat Loss
(kJ)
1548275

40
{ Energy balance }
Energy Balance of Evaporation Process
Input (kJ)
Wate
r
Vapor
KCl
Total
Output (kJ)
2814434
Water
76386.92
2890821
Vapor
KCl
Total
1266160
76386.92
1342547
Heat Loss
(kJ)
1548275
Energy Balance of Crystallization Process

Input (kJ)
KCl
14473.31
Output (kJ)
KCl
Heat Loss
(kJ)
14473.31
0
Total
14473.31
Total
14473.31

41
{ Overall Total Input and Output Energy of Raw Material

and Product }
Raw Material Input (kJ)
Material
Energy
Ashes
205800
Total
205800
Product Output (kJ)

Material
Energy
KCl
21709.967
Total
21709.967

42
Chapter
IV
{ conclusion }
Potassium Chloride is a useful material that can be used in many industries such as
drilling industry.
Potassium chloride can be obtained from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches which is usually
useless and is considered as waste in CPO industry.
Our raw material is Oil Palm Fruit Empty Bunches (OPFEB) ashes.The availabilty of this
material in is so high Indonesia because there are so many CPO industries in Indonesia.
Our plant will be built in Sambas, West Kalimantan. The plant located in Sambas,
because of the source of material and targeted market is near from our plant location
with production capacity of KCl is around 390 ton/year
The process includes water leaching, neutralization using HCl, microfiltration,
evaporation, and crystallization.
The mass efficiency is 16.647% because to produce KCl, we need a lot of ashes
because the content of K+ in ashes is small.
The energy efficiency is 10.549%

44
THANK
YOU
{ References }
Abdullah, N., Sulaiman, F., & Gerhauser, H. (2011). Characterisation of oil palm empty fruit bunches for fuel application. Journal of
Physical Science, 22(1), 124.
Berge, M. (2012). Global Fertilizer Supply / Demand Five-Year Market Outlook ( 2012-2017 ).
Cargill (n.d). Potassium Chloride 101: The Basics. https://cargillsaltinperspective.com/potassium-chloride-101-the-basics/ [16
September 2015, 18.22]
CDMI Consulting (2014). Potensi Bisnis dan Pelaku Utama Industri CPO di Indonesia, 2014-2017. Jakarta: PT Central Data Mediatama
Indonesia
Elemental Minerals Limited (2015). About Potash. http://www.elementalminerals.com/Projects/Potash [17 September 2015, 21.00]
Furmaski, P. (1995). THERMAL AND RADIATIVE PROPERTIES OF ASH DEPOSITS ON HEAT TRANSFER SURFACES OF BOILERS, (79).
Indonesia Investments (2015). Palm Oil Industry Update Indonesia: CPO Production at 40 Million by 2020?. http://www.indonesiainvestments.com/news/todays-headlines/palm-oil-industry-update-indonesia-cpo-production-at-40-million-by-2020/item5822 [14
September 2015, 20.09]
Kcl, C., Potassium, M., Cl, M., Sea, D., Lake, G. S., & Union, F. S. (1997a). 1 . Production and use of potassium chloride
Luo, Z., Yang, J., Ma, H., Liu, M., & Ma, X. (2015). Recovery of magnesium and potassium from biotite by sulfuric acid leaching and
alkali precipitation with ammonia. Hydrometallurgy, 157, 188193. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.08.01

46
{ References }
Mutu Certification International (2012). Assessment Report of PT. Agronusa Investama. Indonesia: Mutuagung Lestari
Nelson, B. P. N., Rhebergen, T., Berthelsen, S., Webb, M. J., Banabas, M., Oberthr, T., Lubis, A. (2002). Soil Acidification under Oil
Palm: Rates and Effects on Yield. Slides, 2225.
Nurhayati Abdullah and Fauziah Sulaiman (2013). The Properties of Washed Empty Friut Bunches of Oil Palm. Journal of Physical
Science, Vol. 24(2), 117-137, 2013
Peng, C., Zhang, F., & Guo, Z. (2009). Separation and Recovery of Potassium Chloride from Sintering Dust of Ironmaking Works. ISIJ
International, 49(5), 735742. http://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.49.735
PotashCorp (2014). Overview of PotashCorp and Its Industry. http://www.potashcorp.com/overview/nutrients [11 September 2015,
15.00]
Udoetok, I. (2012). Characterization of ash made from oil palm empty fruit bunches (oefb). International Journal of Environmental
Sciences, 3(1), 518524. http://doi.org/10.6088/ijes.2012030131033
Yanni
Sudiyani
(2015).
Info
Maksi:
Potensi
Tinggi
Bio
Etanol
Generasi
http://www.infosawit.com/mobile/index.php/news/detail/info-maksi---potensi-tinggi--bio-etanol-generasi-kedua [14
2015, 21.10]
Kedua.
September
Yoeswono, Triyono, and Iqmal Tahir (2008). Pemanfaatan Limbah Abu Tandan Kosong Sawit Sebagai Katalis Basa pada Pembautan
Biodiesel dari Minyak Sawit. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan, Vol. 14, No. 2, Juli 2007; 55-62

47
{ DISCUSSION }

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Assignment 1 Presentation

CHEMICAL PLANT DESIGN

BIOPROCESS ENGINEeRING /DEPARTMENT OF chemical ENGINEERING

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

white crystalline solid

770C (1,420F; 1,040K)

1,420C (2,590F; 1,690K)

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

{ Raw material analysis }

The ash composition of the oil palm empty fruit bunch

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

{ Raw material analysis }

{ Market and Production Capacity Analysis }

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

{ Market and Production Capacity Analysis }

Market analysis of potassium chloride

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

{ Plant Location Analysis }

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

{ Plant Location Analysis }

(Source: Googlemaps.com, 2015)

We decided to built our plant beside PT Agronusa Investama in Sambas, West

Place of Sambas, near Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei Darussalam

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

{ Plant Location Analysis }

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

1 .NaCl + K + KCl + Na+

15 FROM OIL PALM

HCl selected because Ksp values

Potassium is more reactive than the

Lattice enthalpy NaCl > Lattice

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

Table Comparison between sodium chloride and

Time needed during the

CAPEX and OPEX

Energy needed for

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

The energy of evaporator using

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

{ Table Comparison between mixing boiling water and

Mixing Boiling Water

Utility for water

CAPEX and OPEX

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

{ Storage of OPFEB Ashes }

Silo Tank: A vessel or a container which is specifically

It enables an easy and significant way of raw

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

Except KCl, there would still be some other

Countercurrent Leaching. (A) Launder; (B) Rake; (C) Pump

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

{ Neutralization with Hydrochloric Acid }

Batch Reactor Illustration

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

{ Neutralization with Hydrochloric Acid }

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

Doesnt need additional cleaning chemicals, generates

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM