TCP/IP, Domain Name,

Ethernet, URL
Submitted By:
Aditya
Harleen Kaur
Neha Bajaj
Mridul C.P.
Sunny Singh

ROADMAP

Ethernet

Uniform
Resource
Locator
Domain
Name

TCP/IP
Protocol

TCP/IP protocol suite is named for two of its most important protocols:

Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)

Internet Protocol
(IP)

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite

is the industry-standard method of interconnecting hosts, networks
and Internet
Design goal of TCP/IP : to build an interconnection of networks,
networks
referred to as an internet, providing universal communication
services over heterogeneous physical networks,
networks separated by large
geographical areas

By dividing the communication software into layers the protocol stack

allows for:
Division of Labor
Ease of Implementation
Code Testing
A layer provides a service for the layer directly above it and makes use of
services provided by the layer directly below it
For e.g.,
IP Layer: transfer data from one host to another without any
guarantee to reliable delivery or duplicate suppression
Transport Layer: provide applications with reliable, in-order, data
stream delivery. TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data and to
trigger retransmission until the data is correctly and completely
received

APPLICATION LAYER
This layer communicates with applications on other internet hosts and are the
user-visible interface to the TCP/IP protocol suite
Examples of applications include Telnet and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
TRANSPORT LAYER
Provides the end-to-end data transfer by delivering data from an application
to its remote peer
Types of transport layer protocols
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): which provides connectionoriented reliable data delivery, duplicate data suppression, congestion
control, and flow control
User Datagram Protocol (UDP): provides connectionless, unreliable
service; It is used by applications that need fast transport mechanism &
can tolerate loss of some data

Internetwork Layer
This layer shields the higher levels from the physical network architecture
below it
Internet Protocol (IP) is the most important protocol in this layer
IP provides a routing function that attempts to deliver transmitted
messages to their destination
IP does not provide reliability, flow control, or error recovery; These
functions must be provided at a higher level
A message unit in an IP network is called IP datagram
Network Interface Layer
It is the interface to the actual network hardware
This interface may or may not provide reliable delivery, and may be
packet or stream oriented
TCP/IP can use almost any network interface available and does not
require any specific protocol here

 Domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative

autonomy, authority or control within the Internet
It is meaningful and easy-to-remember an Internet address
Represents Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a PC used to access Internet, a
server computer hosting a web site, or the web site itself or any other service
communicated via Internet

Domain Name System

Provides way for every entity that is connected to the Internet such as a computer, web
server and other resource to have its own unique identification and place in the Internet
framework
DNS is the way that Internet domain names are located and translated into Internet
Protocol addresses

Every domain name has a suffix that indicates which top level domain (TLD) it
belongs to. There are only a limited number of such domains. For example:

Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (sub-domains) of the DNS root
domain, which is nameless
Top level Domain
Names (TLDs)

The Country Code

Top-level
Domains (ccTLDs

Generic
Top-level
Domains (gTLDs)
e.g. com , edu, net
Second level
Domain Names
(SLDs)
Third level
Domain Names
(TLDs)

 The function of DNS is name resolution

Name resolution is the process of mapping a name to an address
When a user tries to access another computer on a network, an
architecture must be in place to map names to addresses

Improves
Credibility

Search Result
Rankings

Prefer Custom
Domain

Improves
Visibility

The Brand
Name

Improves
Mobility

Helps to
differentiate

Long
Remembrance

Word of
Mouth

URL (Uniform Resource Locator, previously called as Universal Resource

Locator), is the unique address for a file that is accessible on the Internet

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a form of Universal Resource Interface

(URI ) and is a standardized naming convention for addressing documents
accessible over the Internet or Intranet

Protocol
identifier

Resource name

http://www.cnet.com/Cont
ent/Reports/index.html

http://
Is the URL of cnet

Protocol
identifier

www.cnet.com
address or domain
name

"/Content/Repor
ts/index.html" is
the path to the file

Resource
name

Makes links
manageable

Track and
Compile
Click Data

Promote
sharing

Search Result
Rankings

Improves
Mobility

Helps to
differentiate

Originally developed by Xerox in the 1970s

It is the most widely installed local area network (LAN) technology
Ethernet is a link layer protocol in TCP/IP stack, describing :
how networked devices can format data for transmission to
other network devices on the same network segment, and
how to put that data out on the network connection

BUS TOPOLOGY

A bus topology is a network setup

in which each computer and network
device are connected to a single cable
or backbone

RING TOPOLOGY

Connects one host to the next and

the last host to the first; creates a
physical ring of cable

STARTOPOLOGY

Connects all cables to a central point

of concentration. This point is
usually a hub or a switch

MESH TOPOLOGY

A mesh network
is
a
network topology in which each node
relays data for the network.
All mesh nodes cooperate in the
distribution of data in the network

Ethernet cable is one of the most popular forms of network cable used on wired
networks. Ethernet cables connect devices on local area networks such as PCs,
routers and switches

TYPES OF ETHERNET
CABLES

CA
T3
CA
T5

CA
T5E

CA
T6

CA
T6
A

CA
T7

Category 3
Category 3 Ethernet cable, also known as Cat 3 or station wire, is one of the oldest
forms of Ethernet cable still in use today. It is an unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cabl7e
that is capable of carrying 10 megabits per second (Mbps) of data or voice
transmissions. Its maximum possible bandwidth is 16 MHz.

Category 5
(Cat 5) Ethernet cable is the successor to the earlier Category 3. Like Cat 3,
it is a UTP cable, but it is able to carry data at a higher transfer rate. Cat 5
cables introduced the 10/100Mbps speed to the Ethernet, which means that
the cables can support either 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps speeds.

Category 5E
The Category 5e standard is an enhanced version of Cat 5 cable, which is optimized to
reduce crosstalk, or the unwanted transmission of signals between data channels. This
category works for 10/100 Mbps and 1000 Mbps (Gigabit) Ethernet, and it has become
the most widely used category of Ethernet cable available on the market.

Category 6
One of the major differences between Category 5e and the newer Category 6 is in
transmission performance. While Cat 5e cables can handle Gigabit Ethernet speeds, Cat 6
cables are certified to handle Gigabit Ethernet with a bandwidth of up to 250 MHz.

Category 6a
Category 6 a cable, or augmented Category 6 cable, improves upon the basic Cat 6 cable by
allowing 10,000 Mbps data transmission rates and effectively doubling the maximum
bandwidth to 500 MHz.

Category 7
Category 7 cable, also known as Class F, is a fully shielded cable that supports speeds of up to
10 Gbps (10,000 Mbps) and bandwidths of up to 600 Mhz.