Endocrine

Anatomy, Physiology, &
Disease
An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals
Chapter 10
The Endocrine System:
The Body's Other Control Center
Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory
Slide 9 Endocrine System Animation
Slide 14 Endocrine System Exercise
Slide 81Diabetes Pathology Video
Slide 82 Insulin Animation
Slide 83 Glucose Animation
Slide 84 Glucose Administration Video
Slide 85 Injections Video
Slide 111Endocrine System and Aging Video
Slide 115 Phlebotomy Video
Slide 116
Dieticians Video


Introduction
Nervous system and endocrine system
are totally interconnected and always

monitor each others activities
Endocrine system also collects
information and sends orders but it is
slower, more subtle control system; while
it acts slowly, effects last longer than those
of nervous system

Learning Objectives
Discuss the functions of the various
endocrine glands
Describe the purpose and effects of
hormones within the body
Discuss the process of homeostatic
control of hormone levels


Learning Objectives (contd)
Differentiate between hormonal, humeral,
and neural control

Explain common diseases of the
endocrine system


Pronunciation Guide
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Endocrine
Epinephrine
Homeostasis
Hypercholesterolemia
Hyperpituitarism
Hypopituitarism
(ad REE nal KOR teks)

(ad REE nal meh DULL lah)
(EHN doh krin)
(EP ih NEFF rinn)
(hoh mee oh STAY siss)
(HIGH per koh LESS ter ohl
ee me ah)
(HIGH per peh TOO eh tare
izm)
(HIGH poh peh TOO eh tare
izm)


Pronunciation Guide (contd)

Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.
Hypothalamus
Norepinephrine
Oxytocin
Parathyroid gland
Pineal gland
Pituitary
Prolactin
Testes
Thymus
(high poh THAL ah mus)

(NOR ep ih NEFF rinn)
(AHK see TOH sin)
(PAIR ah THIGH royd)
(pih NEE al)
(pih TOO ih tair ee)
(proh LAK tinn)
(TESS teez)
(THIGH muss)


Organization of Endocrine System
Endocrine system is series of organs and

glands in body that secrete chemical
messengers into blood stream
Exocrine glands, like sweat glands, secrete
out of body, but are not part of endocrine
system that secrete into body
Many glands, like hypothalamus and
pancreas, have multiple functions

Endocrine System Animation
Click here to view an animation showing the endocrine system.

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Figure 10-1
The endocrine glands and their hormones.


Table 10-1
Endocrine Organ Functions



(contd)
Chemical messengers released by

endocrine glands are called hormones
Hormones are released into blood stream
and travel all over body, some affecting
millions of cells simultaneously; effects last
for minutes or even hours or possibly days
Many hormones are secreted all the time,
with amount secreted changing as
needed

Table 10-2
Comparison of Neurotransmitters and Hormones


Endocrine System Exercise
Click here to view an interactive labeling exercise of the features of the endocrine system.
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(contd)
Hormones work by binding to receptors
on target cells; they bind to not only sites

outside cell, like neurotransmitters, but also
to sites inside cell
If hormones bind to outside of cell, they can
have several different effects, either
changing cellular permeability or sending
target cell a message that changes enzyme
activity inside cell


(contd)
One special class of hormones, called

steroids, is particularly powerful because
steroids can bind to sites inside cells
Steroids are lipid molecules that can pass easily
through target cell membrane, allowing them to
interact directly with cells DNA to change cell
activity
They must be carefully regulated because only
small amounts needed to perform their task

Control of Endocrine Activity
Amount of hormone secreted changes

based on situational demands
Many endocrine organs secrete hormones
continuously
Many of chemical and physical
characteristics of body have standard level, or
set-point, that is ideal level for that particular
value; blood pressure, blood oxygen, heart
rate, and blood sugar are examples

Control of Endocrine Activity (contd)
Control systems (endocrine and nervous

system) work to keep levels at or near ideal
There is a way for body to measure
variable levels, a place where the ideal
level is stored, and way for body to fix
levels out of normal range; for example,
hypothalamus stores ideal set-point for
temperature

Figure 10-2
Homeostasis is analogous to regulation of temperature via a thermostat.


If any body characteristic becomes seriously

abnormal, control systems work to bring it
back to set-point via negative feedback
Example: if blood pressure rises, body works to

bring it down to normal set-point; if blood
pressure falls, body works to raise it back up to
normal
Hormones work same way; if hormone levels
rise, negative feedback will turn off endocrine

organ that is secreting hormone

Figure 10-3
Homeostasis and negative feedback as related to control of body temperature.


Some hormones are directly controlled

by nervous system
For example, adrenal glands receive signals

from sympathetic nervous system
When sympathetic nervous system is active, it
sends signals to adrenal glands to release
epinephrine and norepinephrine as hormones,
prolonging effects of sympathetic activity


Figure 10-4
Sympathetic control of adrenal gland.


Figure 10-5
Hormonal control of adrenal gland. CRH = corticotropin releasing hormone; ACTH =

adrenocorticotropic hormone


Some endocrine organs directly monitor

bodys internal environment by monitoring
body fluids, such as blood, and respond
accordingly
Humoral is term that pertains to body
fluids or substances and therefore this is
called humoral control; for example,
pancreas secretes insulin in response to
rising blood sugar levels

Figure 10-6
Humoral control of blood sugar levels.


Major Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
Located in diencephalon, is important link

between two control systems
Controls much of your physiology,
including hunger, thirst, fluid balance, and
body temperature
Also acts as commander in chief for other
glands in endocrine system since it controls
pituitary gland, and thus, most other glands
in endocrine system


Figure 10-7
The hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary glands, and their targets and associated
hormones.


Major Endocrine Glands (contd)
Pituitary
Also part of diencephalon, has been

commonly known as master gland because
of its role in controlling other endocrine glands
Really acts only under orders from
hypothalamus
If hypothalamus is commander in chief,
pituitary is high ranking general
Is split into two segments, posterior pituitary
and anterior pituitary


Posterior pituitary is extension of

hypothalamus; hypothalamic neurons,
specialized to secrete hormones instead of
neurotransmitters, extend their axons
through stalk in posterior pituitary
These neurons secrete two hormones,
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin;
although they are secreted by pituitary, they
are made by hypothalamus


As name suggests antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) decreases urination, which decreases

fluid lost, increasing body fluid volume
Secreted when hypothalamus senses decreased
blood volume or increased blood osmolarity (more
solids suspended in blood)
Circulates through blood stream and targets
kidneys specifically, causing them to absorb
more water
Important in long term control of blood pressure,
especially during dehydration

Oxytocin
Important in maintaining uterine
contractions during labor and is involved
in milk production in nursing mothers
Function in males is unknown


Pathology Connection:
Posterior Pituitary
Alcohol and caffeine turn off ADH

production
The more alcohol or caffeine you take in, the

less ADH you secrete
Your urine volume increases, causing
dehydration
Dehydration plays large role in hangovers
after drinking large amounts of alcohol

Thyroid gland is located in anterior
portion of neck and is butterfly shaped

Secretes hormones triiodothyronine
(T3) and thyroxine (T4) under pituitary
orders; third hormone is calcitonin,
involved in calcium storage
T3 and T4 contain iodine and control
cell metabolism and growth

Over- or underproduction cause variety of
clinical symptoms, because level of these

hormones is essential in controlling growth
and metabolism of body tissues,
particularly in nervous system
Table salt contains iodine to ensure
people get enough iodine in their diets to
make thyroid hormones

Figure 10-8
The thyroid and parathyroid glands.


Figure 10-9
a) Examples of various goiters.


Figure 10-9
b) Occular changes in Graves disease.


Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland has two small pairs of
glands, called parathyroid glands,
embedded in its posterior surface
They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH),
which regulates levels of calcium in blood
stream
If calcium levels get too low, parathyroid
glands are stimulated to release PTH, which
stimulates bone dissolving cells and releases
calcium into blood stream

Thymus gland
Located in upper thorax
Plays important function in immune system
Produces hormone, called thymosin, which
helps with maturation of white blood cells
during childhood to fight infection


Pineal gland
Tiny gland found within diencephalon of
brain
Full function remains unknown
Been shown to produce hormone melatonin,
which rises and falls during waking and
sleeping hours; it is believed that this
hormone triggers sleep by peaking at night
and causing drowsiness

Pancreas
Largely responsible for maintaining blood
sugar levels at or near set-point of 70105
When blood sugar rises, pancreas releases
insulin which helps glucose get into cells;
excess glucose levels affect fluid balance of
cells


Pancreas
Other hormone secreted is glucagon, which
puts glucose into bloodstream when blood
sugar levels get too low; low glucose levels
affect cell metabolism because all cells need
glucose for cellular respiration


Figure 10-10
Control of blood glucose by pancreatic hormones.


Insulin Animation
Click here to view an animation on the topic of insulin.

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Glucose Animation
Click here to view an animation on the topic of glucose.

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Glucose Administration Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of glucose administration.

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Injections Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of injections.

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Adrenal glands are pair of small glands

that sit on kidneys, like baseball hats
Split into two regions:
Adrenal cortex is outer layer
Adrenal medulla is middle of the gland


Adrenal medulla releases two hormones:

Epinephrine (formally known as adrenalin)
Norepinephrine (both hormone and
neurotransmitter)
These hormones increase duration of effects of
sympathetic nervous system; effects of hormones
last longer than neurotransmitter
Effects include increased heart rate, blood
pressure, and respiration, along with profuse
sweating and dry mouth

Gonads include testes and ovaries

Chief function is to produce and store
gametes:
Eggs
Sperm
Also produce number of sex hormones which

control reproduction:
Testosterone in men
Estrogen in women

Figure 10-11
Examples of Endocrine Disorders. a) A 6-year-old child with congenital hypothyroidism; b) a

patient with Cushings syndrome.


Figure 10-11 (continued)
Examples of Endocrine Disorders. c) a patient with gigantism. (Source: Bettina

Cirrone/Photo researchers, Inc.)


Case Study- Marias Story
Let's revisit Maria's case. She is a 35 year
old insulin-dependent diabetic who

currently takes good care of herself. She
did not take good care of herself as a
teenager. She is on an insulin pump to try
to control her blood sugar, but has recently
passed out in public several times.


Case Study- Marias Story (contd)
What condition causes her to pass out?
(hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia)
Why does this condition develop?
What is the appropriate treatment for the
early stages of this condition?
Given that she has been a diabetic for so
long, why doesn't Maria realize she is in
trouble before she passes out?


Endocrine

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Anatomy, Physiology, &

Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Nervous system and endocrine system

are totally interconnected and always

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Discuss the functions of the various

Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Objectives (contd)

Differentiate between hormonal, humeral,

and neural control

Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

(ad REE nal KOR teks)

Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Pronunciation Guide (contd)

(high poh THAL ah mus)

Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Organization of Endocrine System

Endocrine system is series of organs and

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Endocrine System Animation

Click here to view an animation showing the endocrine system.

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The endocrine glands and their hormones.

Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Endocrine Organ Functions

Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Organization of Endocrine System

Chemical messengers released by

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Comparison of Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Endocrine System Exercise

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Organization of Endocrine System

Hormones work by binding to receptors

on target cells; they bind to not only sites

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Organization of Endocrine System

One special class of hormones, called

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Control of Endocrine Activity

Amount of hormone secreted changes

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Control of Endocrine Activity (contd)

Control systems (endocrine and nervous

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Homeostasis is analogous to regulation of temperature via a thermostat.

Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Control of Endocrine Activity (contd)

If any body characteristic becomes seriously

Example: if blood pressure rises, body works to

Hormones work same way; if hormone levels

rise, negative feedback will turn off endocrine