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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONTO
TOCNC
CNC

Good day to
everyone
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Objective and Learning Outcomes:

Understand the concept of CNC.
Understand G, M, and T-codes used in
CNC programming.
Apply the codes into CNC program.
Manipulate CNC Programming for Milling
and Turning operation.
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INTRODUCTION TO CNC
The abbreviation CNC stands for Computer Numerical
Control.
Numerical control (NC) is the operation of a machine tool
by a series of coded instruction consisting of numbers,
letters of alphabet, and symbols that the machine control
unit (MCU) can understand.
The term was coined in the 1950s when the instructions
to the tool were numeric codes.

CONTINUE

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INTRODUCTION TO CNC
The numbers, letters, and symbols are coded
instruction that refer to specific distances,
positions, functions, or motion.
These instructions are converted into electrical
pulses of current that the machines motors and
controls follow to carry out machining
operations.
A powered mechanical device typically used to
fabricate metal components by the selective
removal of metal.
CONTINUE

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INTRODUCTION TO CNC
CNC can be defined as an electronic system to
control movements of machine tool through the
insertion of numerical data.
The system interprets these numerical data and
converts them into the appropriate electrical
signals in order to cause the desired movements
or actions at the machine tool.
CONTINUE

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HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CNC TECHNOLOGY

The idea of NC of machine tools

started in 1949/50 at the MIT
(Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, USA).
Developed for US Air Force order to
manufacture important parts of
airplane from full material rather than
by riveting and welding material
together.
First NC machine tool was developed
for a vertical milling machine.
In the mid 50s almost all machine tool
manufacturers began developing and
manufacturing NC milling machine
which soon followed by NC lathes.

CIM
CAD / CAM
CAD
FFS
CNC
NC
1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Development into CIM technology

Source: MT-Solution

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Conventional vs. CNC Machine Tool
Conventional Machine Tool

NC Machine Tools

CNC Machine Tools

Entry:
The worker manually adjusts the
machine tool according to the drawing,
clamps the raw part as well as the tools
and aligns them.

Entry:
The NC program is transmitted to the NC
control using a punch card.

Entry:
NC programs can be entered into the
CNC control either using a keyboard,
disks or data interface (serial, Bus).
Several NC programs are stored in an
internal storage, whereby modern
controls also use hard disks.

Manual control:
The worker manually sets the machining
values (number of rotations, infeed) and
controls the machining using hand
wheels.

NC control:
The NC control processes the path and
feed information of the NC program and
passes the corresponding control signals
to the components of the NC machine.

CNC control:
The micro computer integrated in the
CNC control and the corresponding
software take over all control functions of
the CNC machine. Hereby internal
storage are used for programs and
subprogram, machine data, tool and
compensation values and fixed and free
cycles. Frequently, error monitoring
software is integrated in the CNC control.

Dimension control:
The worker manually measures and
verifies the dimensions of the part and, if
necessary, must repeat the machining
process.

NC machine:
The NC machine ensures the dimension
stability of the work part already during
the machining process with the
continuous feedback from the measuring
system and servo motors.

CNC machine:
The NC machine ensures the dimension
stability of the work part already during
the machining process with the
continuous feedback from the measuring
system and servo motors, which is
controlled by the number of rotations.
Integrated measuring sensors make it
possible to control the dimensions during
the machining.

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Advantages of the CNC machine:

The higher machining speed of

the CNC machine tool as well as
decreased basic, auxiliary,
preparation and finishing times
on the machine increases
productivity.
Constant quality of the work
part and less scrap.
Increased dimension precision
of the work part through high
basic precision of the machine
tool (1/1000 mm).
Improved machine utilization.
More complex part geometry is
possible.
Operator skill level requirement
are reduced.

Disadvantages of the CNC machine:

Higher investment cost

NC machines includes CNC
controls and electronics
hardware.
Software development cost
must be includes in the cost
of the machine.
More reliable mechanical
component.
Additional features
automatic tool change and
part changes.
Higher maintenance effort
NC equipment requires
higher lever of maintenance.

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APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES

Machining is an important application area for numerical
control (NC), but the operating principle of NC can be
applied to other operation as well.
In the machine tool category, NC is widely used for
machining operations such as turning, milling, drilling,
EDM sinking, EDM wire cut, grinding, press working,
tube-bending and thermal cutting.
In non-machine tool category, NC application include
welding machines, components insertion machines in
electronics assembly and coordinate measuring machine
(CMM).

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COMPONENTS OF CNC MACHINES

The CNC machines consists

of three basic areas:
a) The Control: which
processes the commands
from the input media.
b) Drive mechanisms: to
move machine table,
spindle and tools.
c) The Machine Tool: machine
parts like column, saddle,
bed, table, spindle and
tool changers.

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COMPONENTS OF CNC MACHINES

CONTINUE

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Controllable feed axis

CNC milling
machines on the
other hand have at
least 3 controllable or
adjustable feed axes
marked as X, Y, Z.

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Coordinate system definition with reference to machine or work part
Machine coordinate system:

The machine coordinate system of the CNC machine tool is defined by the manufacturer and
cannot be changed. It also called machine zero point M.
Work part coordinate system:

The work part coordinate system is defined by programmer and can be changed. It also
called work part zero point W.

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Zero and reference points on CNC machine tools

Location of the zero and reference point for milling

Types of zero and reference points

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Location of the zero and reference point for turning

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The G Codes Function

G00 High speed movement without
machining.
G01 Linear interpolation.
G02 Clockwise circular interpolation.
G03 Counter-clockwise circular
interpolation.
G40 Cancel Tool Nose Compensation
G41 Tool Nose Compensation to the left
G42 Tool Nose Compensation to the
right
G54 Set Absolute Zero / Set Datum
G90 Activate Absolute Dimensioning
G91 Activate Incremental Dimensioning

The M Codes Function

M00 Programmed Halt.
M02 Program End.
M03 Activate Spindle Right-Hand
Rotation.
M04 Activate Spindle Left-Hand
Rotation.
M05 Deactivate Spindle.
M06 Mounting a Pre-selected Tool
(Configurable).
M30 Program End.
F Feedrate.
S Speed.
T Tool Change.

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Example:

G54
T01
M06
G90
G00 X40 Y-10 Z10

(P0)

S500 M03
G01 Z-0.5 F200
G01 G41 Y5
G01 X10 Y5

(P1)

G02 X5 Y10 CR=5

(P2)

G01 X5 Y70

(P3)

G01 X10 Y75

(P4)

G01 X70 Y75

(P5)

G02 X75 Y70

(P6)

G01 X75 Y5

(P7)

G01 X40 Y5

(P0)

G40
G01 Y-10
G00 Z10
M5
M30

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