INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING

SEWER SYSTEMS
LAYOUT AND DESIGN

Swerage:
The entire science of collecting and carrying of
sewage by water carriage system through
sewers is known as sewerage.
SEWER SYSTEMS:
1.Combined system
2.Separate system
3.Partially separate system

1.Combined system

When one set of sewers is laid carrying both the

sanitary sewage and storm water, it is called a
combined system.
Merit: There is no need of flushing because selfcleaning velocity is easily available at every place
due to more quantity of sewage.
Demerit: During heavy rains, the over flow of
sewers will endanger the public health.

2.Separate system

When the domestic and industrial sewage are taken in

one set of sewers where storm and surface water are
taken in another set of sewers, it is called as separate
system.
Merit: The sewage flows in a separate sewer, therefore
the quantity to be treated is small which results in
economic design of treatment works.
Demerit: There is always risk that storm water may enter
the sanitary sewer and cause over flowing of sewer and
heavy load on the treatment plant.

3.Partially separate system

In separate system , if a portion of storm water is allowed to

enter in the sewers carrying sewage , and the remaining
storm water flows in separate set of sewers, it is called
partially separate system.
Merits: The work of house-plumbing is reduced because the
rain water from roof, sullage from baths and kitchen etc can
be taken in the same pipe carrying the discharge from the
water closets. The water from all other places can be taken
in separate sewer drains..
Demerit: The cost of pumping is increased at disposal
plants than separate system because the portion of storm
water is mixed with sanitary sewage.

Pseudo separate or partially separate system

Network and layout of sanitary

sewer systems

The most common patterns of sewer

collecting systems are:
1.Perpendicular pattern
2.Intercepter pattern
3.Radial pattern
4.Fan pattern
5.Zone pattern

Perpendicular pattern

In this pattern sewers carrying storm water are laid

in such a way as to seek the shortest possible path
to the natural water courses, it can be obtained if
the sewers are laid perpendicular to them.
This pattern is suitable for separate system and
partially separate system in which storm water can
be directly disposed off without ant treatment.
It is not suitable for combined system because
firstly it is very difficult to treat the sewage due to
large number of outlets and
secondly it pollutes the water of natural courses.

Interceptor pattern

This pattern is an improvement over the

perpendicular pattern.
In this pattern sewers are intercepted by a
large size sewer, which is laid all along the
water carrying sewage to a common point,
where it can be disposed of with or without
treatment.

Radial pattern
This type of pattern can be employed if
the sewage is to be disposed off on land
around the town.
In this pattern large number of outlets are
provided.
Sewers are laid radially outwards from the
center of the city therefore it is called
radial pattern.
In this pattern the suburbs can be served
by the relatively small and short lines of
sewers which make it economical.

FAN PATTERN
If the city is situated near the river, which is one
one side of it only, the sewer can be laid in such a
way that the whole sewage flows to a common
point where one treatment plant is located.
In this pattern number of converging main sewers
are laid, which form a fan like shape.
The only advantage of this system being single
unit of treatment work.
the drawback of this pattern is the if outlying
suburbs develop, it will increase the increase the
load on the treatment works restricting the
development.

Zone pattern

In the intercepter pattern only one single

large size intercepting sewer is used to
collect and convey the entire sewage, due
to which it is over-loaded.
This over loading can be removed by
providing more number of intercepters of
each zone.
This type of pattern is more suitable to
sloppy areas as hills than flat areas.

PROCEDURE OF PLANNING
The combined system is most suited in areas
having small rainfall which is evenly distributed
throught the area, because at such places self
cleaning velocity will be available in every
season.
As only one sewer is laid in this system,
therefore it can also can be used in crowded
areas, where it is difficult to lay two sewers.
The combined system can also be suited in
area having less sewage, to obtain the self
cleaning velocity.

PROCEDURE OF PLANNING
If rain fall is heavy and it is for short time,
it is better to provide separate system,
because in combined system self cleaning
velocity will not be available for most of
the periods of years.
In rocky areas it is more expensive to lay
one large sewer than two small sewers.
Separate systems should be provided if
the sanitary sewage is to be pumped.

THANK YOU
REFERENCES: Water Supply and
Sanitary Engineering
By G.S.Birdie
J.S.Birdie