Body System

Respiratory System
Gas exchange between blodd and and the external
environment
Exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide takes place within the
lungs in the alveoli
Produce sound for communication

Nose

Cell

Trachea

Capillaries

Epiglottis

Alveoli

Bronchioles
Lungs
Bronchi

Nose

Cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa

Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particles

Trache
a
Epiglott
is

Main tube that connect nose, mouth and lungs

Flap that covers the entrance to the trachea

Lungs

Main organ of the respiratory system

Bronchi

Two tubes inside the lung that air passes through bronchioles

Bronchiol
es

Small branching out tubes divided into alveoli

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs that do the oxygen and the exhale of carbon
dioxide

Capillarie
s

Blood vessels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli.

Discharge carbon dioxide into the alveoli and takes up
oxygen from the air in the alveoli

Interesting Facts
About half of a liter of water per day is lost through breathing.
Your right lung is larger than your left
People under 30 take in double the amount of oxygen in compare to
someone who is 80 years old.

Digestive System
Digestion is the process that breaks down complex
food substances into simpler and soluble molecule that
can absorb by the body
Food digestion takes place in mouth, stomach and small
intestine
2 types of digestion
Physical digestion during chewing the larger pieces of
food is breaking up into smaller pieces.
Chemical digestion involve enzymes to break down
complex food molecule into simple soluble molecule.

Site : Stomach
Digestive glands: Gastric gland
Digestive juice : Gastric juice
Content: HCL, Pepsin and Rennin
Products of digestion : Protein
Protein + water
Polypeptides
Caseinogen + water
Casein

Site : Mouth
Digestive glands: Salivary gland
Enzyme: Salivary Amylase
Products of digestion :
Carbohydrates
Starch + water
Maltose

Site of Digestion : Duodenum, Small

Intestine
Digestive Organ Digestive Juice

Enzyme

Substrates and
Products

Liver

Bile, bile salts

None

Emulsification of
lipid

Pancreas

Pancreatic Juice

Pancreatic
amylase

Carbohydrates

Trypsin

Protein

Lipase

Lipid

Urinary System
Water control and nitrogen disposal

Homeostasis
The urinary system maintains homeostasis in several
ways:
Removal of urea (nitrogenous waste) from the bloodstream.
Control of water and salt balance in the bloodstream.
Involved in blood pressure regulation.

The kidneys produce two

important hormones. What do
they
control?
1. Blood pressure
and volume
2. Blood clotting
3. Blood sugar
4. Blood oxygen

Urinary system anatomy

Main structures of the urinary system:
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

Anatomy of the Kidney

Main structures of the mammalian kidney:
renal cortex
renal medula
renal pelvis
nephrons

Anatomy of the Nephron

Glomerulus
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule

Which of these happens during

filtration?
1. Salt is actively
pumped out.
2. Water is removed
osmotically from
the filtrate.
3. Plasma moves
from capillaries
into the capsule.
4. Toxins are actively
removed from
plasma.

Endocrine System
Your endocrine system is a collection of glands that produce
hormones that regulate your body's growth, metabolism, and
sexual development and function. The hormones are released
into the bloodstream and transported to tissues and organs
throughout your body. The Table below the illustration describes
the function of these glands.

Glands

Funtion

Adrenal glands

Divided into 2 regions; secrete hormones that influence the body's

metabolism, blood chemicals, and body characteristics, as well as
influence the part of the nervous system that is involved in the
response and defense against stress.

Hypothalamus

Activates and controls the part of the nervous system that controls
involuntary body functions, the hormonal system, and many body
functions, such as regulating sleep and stimulating appetite.

Ovaries and testicles

Secrete hormones that influence female and male characteristics,

respectively.

Pancreas

Secretes a hormone (insulin) that controls the use of glucose by the

body.

Parathyroid glands

Secrete a hormone that maintains the calcium level in the blood.

Pituitary gland

Produces a number of different hormones that influence various other

endocrine glands

Thyroid gland

Produces hormones that stimulate body heat production, bone growth,

and the body's metabolism.

Thymus gland

Plays a role in the body's immune system