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Electricity

The flow of current is called electricity.

To force electrons out of their orbits so they can become a


source of electricity requires some kind of energy such as
friction,
pressure, heat, light, chemical action and
magnetism.

The device used to measure the rate of current flow


through a conducting material is called an ammeter.

TheSI unit of electrical current (I) is the ampere (A),


defined as
1 coulomb/second.
1 coloumb = 6.25 x 1018 e

The electric current in a wire can be quantified as the time rate of flow
of net charge.
I = Q

where : I - electric current

(A

or C/s)
t

Q - electrical charge
t - time

( s)
Example:
How many electrons per second pass through a section of wire
carrying
a current of 0.5 A?
Given : I = 0.5 A
1 coloumb = 6.25 x 10 18 e
t=1s
1A = 1C/s
Required:
Solution:

no. of electrons
I = Q /t
Q = It = 0.5C/s (1 s)
N = 3.13 x 1018 e

= 0.5 C

6.25 x 1018 e
1C

Exercise Problems:
1) How many electrons per second pass through a section
of wire
carrying a current of 1.5 A?
2) Calculate the amount of current produced per second
by
6.28 x 1018 e ?

Voltage

Charges do not flow unless something provides a potential


difference (electromotive force) known as a voltage source
such as dry cells, wet cells and generator.

They supply energy that allows charges to move.

The SI unit of potential difference (voltage) is volt (V).

The volt is the potential difference necessary to obtain


1Joule of work when one coulomb of charge flows. Thus, if
an electric power line has a voltage of 120 volts, it follows
that 120 joules of work has to be expended for each
coulomb of electricity which is transferred to any apparatus
connected between the two wires,

The potential difference between two points is the work done per
unit charge when a charge is moved from one point to the other.
V = W
Q
Example:
A generator accelerates electrons so that they have energies
equivalent to that attained by falling through a potential
difference of 150 megavolts. What is the energy of an electron
that has been accelerated in that machine?
Given: V = 150 megavolts = 1.50 x 10 6 V
Q = 1.60 x 10 -19 C
Required: W
Solution:
V = W/Q
W = V(Q) = (1.50 x 106 V)(1.60 x 10 -19
C)
W = 2.4 x10 -11 Joule

The rate at which the work is done when moving electrons from
point to point is called electric power (P)

The basic unit in which electric power is measured is the watt.

Watt is the rate at which work is being done in a circuit in


which a current of 1 ampere is flowing when the emf applied is
1 volt.

In order to cause continuous flow, electric charges must be


maintained so that the potential difference or voltage exists at
all times.

At the terminal of the battery, the difference is caused by the


chemical action within the battery and as electrons flow from
the (-) terminal to the (+) terminal, the chemical action
maintain this difference.

Resistance

The amount of current that flows in a circuit depends


on the voltage source.

The greater the voltage, the greater the current.

Another factor that influence the amount of current is


the resistance of the conductor to the flow of charge
on the electric circuit.

Any device that contributes appreciable resistance to


the flow of charge is called resistor.

The unit of resistance is ohm ()

For a particular conductor, the resistance is dependent on the


following factors:
1) nature/kind of material
2) length
3) cross sectional area
4) temperature
The resistance is directly proportional to its length (L) and inversely
proportional to its cross sectional area (A).

It is also determined by the atomic property of the material


characterized by the resistivity ().
R = L
where : R resistance
A
resistivity
L - length
A

area

Example:
1) A metal rod is 3 meters long and 10cm in diameter.
Compute its resistance if the resistivity of the metal is 1.76
x 10 -8 -m.
Given : L = 3m
d = 10cm x
1m
= 0.1m
100cm
radius (r) = 0.1m/2 = 0.05m
= 1.76 x 10 -8 -m
Required : R
Solution :

R =L

=
A

1.76 x 10 -8 -m (3m)

(3.14)(0.o5m) 2
R = 6.73 x10 -4

Ohms law

George Simon Ohm (1789 1851) , a German physicist


investigated the relationship between current (I) and voltage
(V).

He noted that the resistance (R) did not change with voltage.

This law is called Ohms law.


R =

where : R -

resistance
I

electric current
V =IR
voltage

V -

Example:
Determine the potential difference between the ends
of the wire
of resistance 8 if 600C pass through it per minute.
Given : R = 8
charge (Q) = 600 C
t = min = 60 s
Required: V
Solution :
I = Q
= 600 C
= 10 A
t
60 s

V = I R = (10 A)(8 )
V = 80 V

When a charge moves in a circuit, it does work.

The rate at which work is done, that is, the rate at which
electrical energy in converted into another form, such as
heat( flat iron), light (fluorescent bulb) and mechanical

energy(electric drill), is called electric power.


P = W/t
The work done or energy gained by a charge Q from a
voltage source is
P = QV
t
since I = Q/t

therefore

P =

IV

Other forms of power are obtained when V is replaced by


IR.
P = IR x I
p = I2 R

replacing I = V/R
P = V2
R

The units of heat are joules and calorie.

Conversion factors
1 watt =
1kW =
1 hp =
1 kWh

1J/s = 0.239 cal


1.314 hp
746 W
= 3.6 x 10 6 J

0.738 ft lb

Example:
1)
An air conditioner takes 4A from a 220 V line. Determine the
power input (J) and the energy supplied to the air conditioner
in 3 hours.
Given : I = 4 A
Required: a) P
V = 220 V
b) E
t = 3 hours.
Solution:

a) P = I V = (4A)(22oV)

= 880 watts

b) E = (0.88kW)( 3 hours) = 2.64 kWh

2. A house wire is to carry a current of 25A while dissipating


no more
than 1watt of heat per meter of its length. What is the
minimum
diameter of the wire if its resistivity is 1.68 x 10 -8 ohm
meter.

Given: I = 25A
P = 1W
L = 1m
= 1.68 x 10 -8 ohm meter
Required: diameter of the wire
Solution :
P = IV
V = P/I = 1 W
25 A

= 0.04 Volt

R = V/ I

= 0.04 V = 0.0016 ohms


25 A

R = L =
r2 = L
= 3.35 x 10-6 m2
R

L =
A
=
( 1.68 x 10 -8 ohm meter)( 1 m)
(3.14)(0.0016 ohms)

r = 1.83 x10 3 m
diameter = 2r = 2(1.83 x10 3 m )
diameter = 3.66 x 10-3 m

Seat work
1) A human nerve cell can be considered as a long, thin cylinder
of radius
5 x 10 -6m and length 0.3 m. The resistivity of the fluid inside
the cell is
o.5 - meter. Calculate the resistance of this fluid.
2) The resistivity of an aluminum is 2.8 x 10 -8 meter. How
long should a piece of aluminum wire 2cm in diameter be to
give a resistance of
5 ?
3) A current of 8A exists in a line of 12 resistance. Compute
for the rate of production of heat in watts.
4) An electric broiler develops 300 cal/s when the current is 6A.
Determine the resistance of the broiler. ( 1watt = 0.239 cal/s)

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