Basic spermatogenesis

and the influence

factors
Dicky Moch Rizal
Dept. of Physiology, SoM, GMU
dickymd@yahoo.com

Male Reproductive Anatomy and

Physiology

Sperm Production

History :
First

observation of human spermatozoa.1677

by Leeuwenhoek and Hamm
Spallanzani .1775 state that the oocyte and
spermatozoon were necessary to form a new
individual
Prevost and Dumas (1830) were able to prove
that spermatozoa were essential for fertilization

 Von

Kolliker (1841) discovered that

spermatozoa were the end product of cell
divisions in the seminiferous tubules of the
testis

Testicle has two function/activities :

Steroidogenesis
Spermatogenesis

Tubulus seminiferous is the part of testicle

placed of spermatogenesis

spermatogenesis

Unlike oogenesis, spermatogenesis is a

continous process which can be divided
into 3 stages :
The

production of gametes or germ cell

Their functional differentiation for fertilization
The structural differentiation which renders
them actively motile

The production of gametes or germ cell:

Early in embryogenesis, primordial germ cells
migrate to the developing gonads.are found in
the tubulus seminiferous of the testis
Theses cells will develop to form spermatogonia
The spermatogonia are located along the outer
edge of tubuli in close contact with supportive
cells, the Sertoli cells

 The

sertoli cells form a continous layer on the

basement membrane of the tubuli and firmly
connected to each other by tight cell junction
Spermatogonia remain inactive until
puberty. From puberty onwards they divide
continously by mitosis, increase in number
and provide in this way a continous supply of
new cells

Functional differentiation :
Some

of the cells stop dividing and differentiate into primary

spermatocyte (kata junquera itu sel spermatogonium B)
Katanya jun lagi ada sel spermatogonium yang jadi stock
yaitu sel spermatogonium A)
Each primary spermatocyte then undergoes reduction
division, the first meiotic division, resulting in the two
secondary spermatocyte
When the second division is completed, four haploid
spermatids have bee produced

MITOTIC DIVISION

MEIOTIC DIVISIONS

TRANSFORMATION

PIF

MITOTIC DIVISION

MEIOTIC DIVISIONS

TRANSFORMATION

Copied from Lucinda L.

An Atlas of Human Gamet and Conceptus

Testicular Compartmentalization

Spermatogenesis: Sperm
Production in the Testis

Structural differentiation :
The

spermatids undergo a morphological

differentiation forming mature spermatozoa
This process is called spermiogenesis
The spermatide elongate and develop flagella
but remain connected to each other and the
underlying Sertoli cells by means of
cytoplasmi briges

 When

differentiation is completed, the

individual spermatozoa will release into lumen
of tubulus seminiferous (spermiasi)
The spermatozoa finally end up in the
epidydimis, where they undergo further
maturation
The whole process takes about 64
days( another author says 74 days)

Spermatogenesis

FSH and testosterone are required for

the intitiation of spermatogenesis.

Administration of FSH to immature or

mature hypox rats increases the size of
testes but does not accelerate the
appearance of mature sperm or
increase secretory activity of Leydig
cells. For this testosterone is needed.

Spermatogenesis can be maintained in

hypox rats if T is administered but its
intitiation at puberty requires FSH.
Resumption of spermaotgenesis after
hypox also rquires FSH.

Spermatogenesis
In immature animals, FSH increases the
number of Sertoli cells.
FSH is required for the normal reinitiation of
sperm production during the breeding
season in monkeys.
FSH binding with Sertoli cell membrane
receptors results in cAMP production and
synthesis of an androgen binding protein
(ABP).

Spermatogenesis

ABP is then secreted into the lumen of

the S.T.

In response to LH, the Leydig cells

make T which gets into the circulation
and is taken up by the Sertoli cell. T is
able to get across the blood-testis
barrier which first appears at puberty.

T is then bound to ABP to sequester T

close to the spermaotocytes whose
maturation is androgen dependent.
Within the lumen, ABP function to
transport T to the epididymis.

Spermatozoa Structure and

Functions in Review

Morphology of the spermatozoa

The spermatozoon is about 50 m long and
consist of two morphologically and
functionally distinc region : the head and the
tail, enclosed by single plasma membrane
The spermatozoa has been stripped of all
unnecessary cellular material such as
ribosomes, ER and Golgi app

The important things of spermatozoa is

mitochondria, lies at the mid piece, has a
metabolism function of energy for
movement

The head :
Consists

of a highly condensed haploid nucleus

The anterior tip of the nucleus is surround by the
acrosome

The tail :
The

tail is in fact a long flagellum composed of those

structure which enable its movement, the microtubules

The microtubules arranged as two singlet

microtubules surrounded by nine
microtubule doublet
In the anterior part of the sperm tail, the
mid-piece, the microtubule are surrounde
by highly speciallized mitochondria

Palermo et al., 1997

Sertoli Cell Function

The role of epydidymis :

Store
maturation
Absorption

Under Androgen influenced

Regulation of Spermatogenesis

Testicular Cell Interactions

Hypothalamic-Pituitary regulation of
Testicular Function

Factors influence spermatogenesis

Hormonal imbalance
Physical factors
Chemical substances
Mechanical factors