IZAT EZATTE BINTI MUSA

4 UTM

THE NECESSITY FOR THE

REPRODUCTION OF NEW CELLS
ORGANISMS.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two
daughter cells which are genetically to each other and
to their parent cell.
The significance of mitosis in living things:
Repair and replace the damaged or dead cells
Increases the number of unicellular organisms.
Ensures that new cell are genetically identical to the parent
Preserve the diploid number of chromosomes
Increases the number of cells in individuals(single-celled

organisms)
Aids in growth process(multi-celled organisms)

The phases in the cell

Cell cycle-the life of a cell from the time it is
cycle

produced until it completely divides into two

new daughter cells.
Activity of the cell during mitotic division:
Preparing for the division
Produce cytoplasm and organelles-formation of

daughter cells.

Two major phases:

Interphase
Mitotic cell division(M Phase)

Phase in Cell cycle

Interphase
PHASE

DESCRIPTIONS

G1(FIRST GAP)

The size of cells increases

RNA is produced
Synthesise protein and new organelles
Chromosome cannot be observed clearly
and known as chromatin

S(SYNTHESIS)

G2(SECOND GAP)

DNA synthesis
The DNA replication takes place
The copied chromosomes contain two sister
chromatids which are identical
Cell preparing for division(mitosis)
The cell grows,produces organelles,protein
and membrane
Nucleus is well-defined
Chromosome duplication completed
DNA loosely packed in long chromatin fibres

1. Interphase
This is the resting or non-

mitotic of the cell cycle

It comprise G1,S and G2
stage of the cell cycle
DNA is replicated during
the S phase of
interphase

The M phase(mitosis and

cytokinesis)
PROPHASE
If the first stage of mitosis
The chromosomes
condense and become
visible
The centrioles form and
move toward opposite
ends of the cell(the pole)
The nuclear membrane
dissoves and the mitotic
spindle thread is
formed(from the centrioles)
Spindle fibers from each
centriole attach to each
sister chromatid at the
kinetochore
Chromatids are connected
at the centromere

METAPHASE
The chromosomes

lined up on the
cell equator which
is the metaphase
plate
The spindle fibres
are formed
completely

 ANAPHASE
Spindle attached to

Early anaphase

Late anaphase

kinetochores begin to
shorten
This exerts a force on the
sister chromatids and
pulls them apart
Spindle fibres continue to
shorten,pulling
chromatids to opposite
poles of the cell

 TELOPHASE
Both chromosomes have

reached the opposite poles

The chromosomes
decondensed
The nuclear enveloped
is formed
Nucleus reformed
The spindle fibres
dissappear
Once separate,the
chromatds are again called
chromosomes
Two daughter nuclei are
formed with identical set
of chromosomes

Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the process of the cytoplasm division

after the separation of chromosomes

CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELL
The vesicles move to the equator
between the two nuclei and fuse
to form two membranes that
become cell plate
The cell plate grows upwards
The new cell wall is laid down
between membranes and fuses
with the existing cell wall

CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL
CELLS

The vesicles move to

the equator between

the two nuclei and fuse
to form two membranes
that become cell plate
The cell plate grows
upwards
The news cell wall is
laid down between
membranes and fuses
with the existing cell
wall

The importance controling

mitosis
To ensure that organism can function

properly
To ensure that organisms can grow and
develop normally
To help in repairing damage cells and tissues
for the survival of life

The effects of uncontrolled

mitosis in living things
It due to the changes of gene which control the cell

cycle e,g:The growth of cancerous cell

Cancerous cells could lead to the death of the
organism if it is not prevented from invanding and
destroying neighbouring cells
This condition can be caused by certain virus,toxic
chemical susbtances
The cells divide very fast and unregulated.(Tumour)
Benign tumour-Abnormal cells that remain at the original site

and be removed by surgery

Malignant tumour-becomes invasive and spreads to
neighbouring tissues and cells (cancer)

The application of knowledge on

mitosis in cloning
Production of genetically identical individuals

Cloning of sheep

 Producing genetically identical organisms which

carry a useful gene

A piece of DNA carrying a gene of interest and a gene for

antibiotic resistance
The cells is grown on a medium containing the antibiotic so
that only the cells with the inserted DNA will survive
The nuclei from surviving cells is inserted into unnucleated
egg cells
The egg cells is implanted into the surrogate mother
Clone which carry the useful gene are born

Application of cloning technology is

important to:
Produce genetically identical organs for

transplantation
Produce human tissues
Repopulate endangered species

The advantages and

disadvantages of cloning
Advantages
Ensure the continuity of

hereditary traits from the

parent to the clones
Increase the rate of
production and the quality of
the products
Good qualities of the plants
and animals can be selected
and maintained in the clones
Many clones are produced
in a short time
Can be carried out any time
of the year

Disadvantages
Raise ethical issues on

human The resistance of the

clones towards diseases and
pests is the same.If a clone is
infected with a disease or
attacked and die
Raise ethical issues on

human cloning