Design For
Medical
Buildings
AE 173
Refrigeration &
Air Conditioning
Overview of the
Topics
A. Introduction
B. Importance of air conditioning in hospitals
C. Plant desired capacity
D.Process flow and description
E. Load Calculations and specifications
F. System requirements: material flow, airflow, steam
flow, etc.
G.Air Conditioning system adopted
H.Plant layout and site development proposal
I. Control factors
J. Energy requirements
A. INTRODUCTION
Microbial
transmission
in
healthcare
setting is in inevitably a very potential risk.
The main routes are droplets, contact,
common
vehicle
and
air
borne
transmissions.
Infection
control
for
patients, healthcare providers and visitors
is of paramount importance in the
healthcare process in medical facilities.
Proper air conditioning of medical care
facilities is helpful in prevention and
treatment of diseases.
A. INTRODUCTION
Amedicationormedicineis a drug taken to cure
and/or ameliorate any symptoms of anillnessor
medical condition, or may be used aspreventive
medicinethat has future benefits but does not treat
any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms.
Apatientis any recipient ofhealth careservices.
The patient is most oftenillorinjuredand in need
oftreatmentby
a
physiotherapist,physician,physician
assistant,advanced
practice
registered
nurse,psychologist,podiatrist,veterinarian,
or
otherhealth care provider.
B. Importance of Air-Conditioning in
Hospitals
B. Importance of Air-Conditioning in
Hospitals
B. Importance of Air-Conditioning in
Hospitals
Patient
comfort
is
paramount
andconditions can
have
a
real
impacton treatment and recovery.
Minimizing the risk of healthcare
associated infections is also vital to
patient care.
B. Importance of Air-Conditioning in
Hospitals
An integrated heating,ventilationand air
conditioning
(HVAC)
system
offers
manageable temperatures and excellent
air quality. As long as its properly
maintained, its also an important ally in
infection control.
B. Importance of Air-Conditioning in
Hospitals
B. Importance of Air-Conditioning in
Hospitals
B. Importance of Air-Conditioning in
Hospitals
Air conditioning is extremely important in the
operation theater. This helps in controlling the
temperature, humidity and sterile filtration.
Air conditioning has helped in making the
environment
of
hospitals
livable
and
extremely comfortable.
This
also
facilitates
in
keeping
the
environment of the hospital clean and
hygienic. The patients will feel happy, healthy
and comfortable with an air conditioning
installed in hospitals.
4. Centralized
System
Air
Conditioning
Patient Room
Air conditioning of bed rooms in our warm humid
climate desirable not only for medical reason but
also to keep out noise, pollution from mainly cars
& buses, trucks. It is more important in dry areas
where dust storm common in the summer
months. When central air-conditioning system
used for pt rooms avoid ducted air supply and
return to the rooms in order to eliminate chance
of cross infection and to odors through the
common ducts for the same reason, packaged air
conditioner feeding a group of rooms through a
ducted supply must also be avoided.
3. Ancillary
Autopsy Room
Maintenance Shops
Carpentry, machine, electrical, and plumbing
workshops have no unusual requirements. Welding
areas, require excellent ventilation. If we have paint
workshop or storage exhaust to ventilate well and
reduce fire hazard.
Treatment Rooms
Individual temperature and humid control at
patient room level
E. Load Calculations
Click Here
E. Load Calculations
A. Tansmission Load
Material
To(ambient) = 32 C
R, Thermal
resistance,
m2-C/W
a. Wall conduction:
1. Outside airfilm
2. Mineral fiber, 75 mm
4. Gypsum plaster, 16 mm
0.1
B. Ceiling conduction
3. Gypsum plaster, 16 mm
4. Inside airfilm
56
A2=(3 * 4)
To= 34 C,
0.029
0.0925
Ti= 24C
1.94
0.1
0.12
2.189
Sub total
Ti= 24C
0.12
2.4210
2. Mineral fiber, 75 mm
To= 32 C,
Qa, kJ/s
1.94
0.232
1. Outside airfilm
A1= [(3*2*4)+(4*2*4)]
0.029
5. Inside airfilm
Area, m2
Ti (wall) = 24
C
Tf-Ti, C
12
10
0.0548
Q1 =
0.1407
F. System
Requirements
G. Air-Conditioning System
Adopted
G. Air-Conditioning System
Adopted
Type of System
Hospitals
Hotels
Assembly, Theatres
Libraries, Museums
I. Control Factors
1. Bacterial Infection
Infectious bacteria are transported by air. Droplet or
infectious agents of 5 mm or less in size can remain
airborne indefinitely. It has been shown that 90-95%
effective filters remove 99.9 percent of all bacteria
present in hospitals.
Examples that can be transported around by the AC
duct system by air or air + water mixtures are:
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Legionella Pneumophila
(In
these
cases
our
FILTRATION
recommendation is 95% HEPA Filter at 1 micro
meter particles)
I. Control Factors
1. Bacterial Infection
What is HEPA Filter?
HEPA is a type of air filter which means
High-efficiency Particulate Air. The filter
remove (from the air passes through)
99.97% of particles that have a size of 0.3
micro meters or larger.
HEPA filters are critical in the prevention of
the spread of airborne bacterial and viral
organisms and, therefore, infection.
I. Control Factors
2. Viral Infection
Epidemiological evidence and other studies
indicate that many of the air borne viruses that
transmit infections are sub-micron in size, thus
there is no known method to effectively
eliminate 100% of the viable particles. HEPA
filters and/or Ultra-Low Penetration (ULPA)
filters provide the greatest efficiency currently
available. Therefore, the isolation rooms with
appropriate ventilation pressure relationships
are the primary means used to prevent the
spread of airborne viruses in the hospital
environment.
I. Control Factors
3. Molds
Some molds such as Aspergillis can be fatal to advanced
Leukemia, Bone Marrow transplant and other imuno
compromised patients.
I. Control Factors
5. Temperature & Humidity
One of the aspects of humidity is that
bacteriological microorganisms ride on dust
particles whose attract ability to one another is
favored by low relative humidity resulting in
increased static energy. Low relative humidity is
reported to be suitable for Klebsiella pneumonia
activity while high humidity in the hospital enhances
the danger of growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Humidity in operation room is believed to contribute
to the prevention of dehydration of exposed tissue.
To minimize the explosion risk, the relative humidity
requirement in hospital is 40-65 percent.
J. Energy
Requirement