Revision of
Thermodynamic Concepts
Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines
S.Y. B. Tech.
ME0223 SEM - IV
Production Engineering
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Outline
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Introduction
Thermodynamics
Therme
(Heat)
Dynamis
(Power)
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SURROUNDINGS
SYSTEM
SURROUNDINGS :
Mass or region outside the SYSTEM.
BOUNDARY :
Real / Imaginary surface that separates the
SYSTEM from SURROUNDINGS.
BOUNDARY :
BOUNDARY
Fixed / Movable
Shared by both,
SYSTEM and SURROUNDINGS
No Thickness
No Mass / Volume
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Close System
Mass NO
m = const.
Energy YES
GAS
2 kg
1 m3
GAS
2 kg
3 m3
CLOSED System
with Moving Boundary
CLOSED
System
Also known as CONTROL MASS
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Close System
Mass NO
m = const.
E = const.
Energy NO
ISOLATED
System
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Open System
BOUNDARY of OPEN System is known as
CONTROL SURFACE
Real Boundary
Mass YES
Energy YES
In
Out
OPEN
System
Imaginary Boundary
Also known as CONTROL VOLUME
e.g. Water Heater, Car Radiator, Turbine, Compressor
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Properties of System
Any characteristic of a System is known as its PROPERTY.
e.g. Pressure (P), Volume (V), Temperature (T) and mass (m), etc.
also Viscosity (), Electric Resistance (R), Thermal Conductivity (k), etc.
m = 2 kg
T1 = 25 C
V1 = 1 m3
STATE 1
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m = 2 kg
T1 = 25 C
V1 = 3 m3
STATE 2
Mechanical Equilibrium :
- NO Pressure Gradient throughout the system.
Phase Equilibrium :
- System having more than 1 phase.
- Mass of each phase is in equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium :
- Chemical composition is constant
- NO reaction occurs.
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Property B
State 2
Path
State 1
State 2
State 1
Property A
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t=t1
t=0
Quasi-Static
It is known as QUASI-STATIC or
QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM Process.
t=t2t
t=0
t2 < t1
Non-Quasi-Static
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Pressure
Quasi-Static
Process Path
State 1
State 2
Non-Quasi-Static
Process Path
Pressure
Volume
State 1
State 2
Volume
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Pressure (P)
V=Const
Isochoric
P=Const
Isobaric
Volume (V)
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Temperature (T)
h=Const
Isenthalpic
s=Const
Isentropic
T=Const
Isothermal
Cycle
State 2
CYCLE :
A system is said to have
Property B
State 1
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identical.
t=t1 t=0
Quasi-Static Compression and Expansion
Pendulum
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But,
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Temperature
TEMPERATURE :
- No EXACT Definition.
- Broad Definition : Degree of Hotness / Cold
- This definition is based on our physiological sensation.
- Hence, may be misleading.
- e.g. Metallic chair may feel cold than Wooden chair; even at SAME temperature.
- Properties of materials change with temperature.
- We can make use of this phenomenon to deduce EXACT level of temperature.
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Temperature Scales
1.
2.
3.
4.
Celsius Scale and Fahrenheit Scale Based on 2 easily reproducible fixed states,
viz. Freezing and Boiling points of water.
i.e. Ice Point and Steam Point
Thermodynamic Temperature Scale Independent of properties of any substance.
- In conjunction with Second Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic Temperature Scale Kelvin Scale and Rankine Scale.
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Temperature Scales
Conversion Factors :
C
T ( K ) = T ( C ) + 273.15
Hot End
0.01
273.16
32.02
491.69
T ( R ) = T ( F ) + 459.67
T ( F ) = 1.8 T ( C ) + 32
-273.15
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-459.67
0Regenerator
Pulse
T ( R ) = 1.8 T ( K
) Tube
Pressure
Definition : Normal Force exerted by a fluid per unit Area.
SI Units :
1 Pa
= 1 N/m2
1 kPa
= 103 Pa
1 MPa
= 106 Pa
= 103 kPa
1 bar
= 105 Pa
= 0.1 MPa
1 atm
= 100 kPa
= 1.01325 bar
= 0.9679 atm
English Units :
psi = Pound per square inch ( lbf/in2)
1 atm
= 14.696 psi
Pressure
Absolute Pressure : Actual Pressure at a given position.
Measured relative to absolute vacuum i.e. absolute zero pressure.
Pressure Gauges are generally designed to indicate ZERO at local atmospheric pressure.
Hence, the difference is known as Gauge Pressure.
i.e. P (gauge) = P (abs) P (atm)
Pressure less than local atmospheric pressure is known
as Vacuum Pressure.
i.e. P (vacuum) = P (atm) P (abs)
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Pressure
P (gauge) = P (abs) P (atm)
P (vacuum) = P (atm) P (abs)
P (gauge)
Local Atmospheric Pressure
( 1.01325 bar @ Sea Level )
P (vacuum)
P (abs)
P (atm)
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PR
OR
Pv = RT
PV = mRT
P1V1 P2V2
T1
T2
Behaviour of a Real Gas approaches to the that of an Ideal Gas, at low densities.
Thus, at low pressures and high temperatures, the density of the gas decreases
and the gas approaches to Ideal Gas.
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a
P 2 v b RT
v
Where,
RuT
v2
A A0 1
v
c
A
3
vT
v2
And
b
B B0 1
v
RuT
c 1 bRuT a a
c
v 2
P
B0 RuT A0 2 2
6 3 2 1 2 e
3
v
T v
v
v
vT
v
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Thermal Equilibrium
Thermal Equilibrium : NO change w.r.t. Temperature
NO Temperature Gradient.
HOT cup of tea / coffee cools off w.r.t. time.
Work
ADIABATIC Process.
Atmosphere 25C
25 C
Q=0
Heat, Q
Adiabatic
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15 C
S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.
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X
Force
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Sign Convention :
SURROUNDINGS
Heat Transfer TO a System
: + ve
Qin
: + ve
: - ve
Qout
SYSTEM
Win
Win
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Both are recognised at the Boundary of the System, as they cross the
Boundary. Hence both are Boundary Phenomena.
2.
3.
Both are associated with Process, not State. Heat and Work have NO meaning
at a State.
4.
Path Function : Magnitude depends on the Path followed during the Process, as
well as the End States.
Point Function : Magnitude depends on State only, and not on how the System
approaches that State.
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dV V
V1 V
dW W
12
Pressure
State 2
State 1
( NOT W )
V1
Volume
V2
Integral of W is ( W2 W1 ).
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Specific Heat
Different materials require different amount of Energy for their temperatures to
increase thought unit quantity ( i.e. 1 C) for identical mass.
1 kg
H 2O
20 30 C
4.5 kJ
41.8 kJ
substances.
HEAT.
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Specific Heat
DEFINITION :
m = 1 kg
T = 1 C
Sp. Heat = 5 kJ/kg C
5 kJ
Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (CP) :
The Energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree,
as the Pressure is maintained CONSTANT.
Specific Heat at Constant Volume (CV) :
The Energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree,
as the Volume is maintained CONSTANT.
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Specific Heat
He Gas
P = Const
m = 1 kg
T = 1 C
3.12 kJ
5.19 kJ
CV = 3.12 kJ/kg.C
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CV = 5.19 kJ/kg.C
Specific Heat
Consider a System with fixed mass and undergoing Const. Vol. Process (expansion /
compression).
First Law of Thermodynamics ein eout = esystem
Since it is a Const. mass System;
Net amount of Change of Energy = Change in Internal Energy (u).
i.e. ein eout = du
du CV dT by Definition of CV
u
CV
dh C P dT by Definition of CP
h
CP
T
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constant Volume.
(kJ/kg.K)
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CP
CV
PdV Work
Area A
P1 V1
P2 V2
State 1
State 2
W1 2 PdV
Pressure
dW = F * dL = P*A*dL = PdV
Quasi-Static
Process Path
P2
V1
V1
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Volume V
2
S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.
PdV Work
PdV Work in Different Quasi-Static Processes :
P=Const
Isobaric
State 1
State 2
Pressure (P)
V2
W1-2
V1
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Volume (V)
W1 2 PdV P (V2 V1 )
V1
V2
PdV Work
PdV Work in Different Quasi-Static Processes :
State 1
P1
Pressure (P)
V=Const
Isochoric
V2
W1 2 PdV 0
V1
P2
State 2
Volume (V)
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PdV Work
PdV Work in Different Quasi-Static Processes :
PV = C
Quasi-Static
Pressure
P1
V2
State 1
State 2
P2
V1
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Volume
W1 2 PdV
V1
P1V1
PV P1V1 C P
V
V2
dV
V
P
P1V1 ln 2 P1V1 ln 1
V
V1
P2
V1
W1 2 P1V1
V2
PdV Work
PdV Work in Different Quasi-Static Processes :
PVn = C
Pressure
P1
n =1
n =
P2
n =3
n =2
Volume
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25 C
25 C
C
25 C
25 C
25 C
25 C
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PE = 10 kJ
KE = 0
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m g z = m ( v12 - v22 )
Total Energy
entering the System
( EIN )
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Total Energy
leaving the System
( EOUT )
( E )
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Heat
Heat
Reservoir that absorbs Energy in form of Heat is known as SINK.
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Sink
S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.
No Work
Heat
Heat
Water
Water
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Heat Engine
Wnet
Qout
Low Temp
Sink
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Boiler
ANS : NO.
Win
Pump
Turbine
Condenser
Qout
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SINK
(Atm. Air)
Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines
SOURCE
(Furnace)
Qin
Boiler
Win
Pump
Turbine
Condenser
Qout
SINK
(Atm. Air)
CLOSED SYSTEM
U = 0
Thus,
Worknet,out = Qout - Qin
S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.
SOURCE
(Furnace)
Qin
Boiler
Win
Wout
Pump
Turbine
Thermal Efficiency =
Condenser
Qout
SINK
(Atm. Air)
th
Wnet ,out
Qin
Qout
Qin
Boiler
Win
Pump
Turbine
Condenser
Qout
SINK
(Atm. Air)
th
Wnet ,out
QH
QL
QH
Thus, a Heat Engine must exchange Heat with at least TWO Reservoirs for
continuous operation.
This forms the basis for the Kelvin Planck expression of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics.
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Thermal Energy
Reservoir
Alternatively;
QH =
100 kW
Wnet =
100 kW
Heat
Engine
QL = 0
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Surrounding Air
QH
Condenser
Wnet, in
Expansion
Valve
Compressor
Evaporator
QL
Refrigerated Space
Refrigerator
QL
Low Temp
Sink
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Condenser
COPR
Wnet, in
Expansion
Valve
Evaporator
QL
Refrigerated Space
Desired Output
QL
Worknet,in = QH - QL
QL
1
COPR
QH QL QH
1
QL
(COP)HP.
Condenser
COPHP
Wnet, in
Expansion
Valve
Compressor
COPHP
Evaporator
QL
Refrigerated Space
Desired Output
Q
H
Re quired Input Wnet ,in
QH
1
QH QL 1 QL
Q
H
Thus;
COPHP = COPR + 1
S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.
Warm
Environment
QH =
5 kJ
Wnet = 0
Temperature body.
Refrigerator
Alternatively;
QL = 5 kJ
Refrigerated
Space
TH
Q H + QL
Wnet =
QH
QL
Heat
Engine
Wnet = 0
Refrigerator
QL = 0
QL
TL
QL
Refrigerator
TL
Thank You !
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