Wireless WANs:
Cellular Telephone
and Satellite Networks
16.1
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
161CELLULARTELEPHONY
Cellular
telephony
is
designed
to
provide
communications between two moving units, called
mobile stations (MSs), or between one mobile unit and
one stationary unit, often called a land unit.
Topics discussed in this section:
Frequency-Reuse Principle
Transmitting
Receiving
Roaming
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
16.2
Wireless Communications
When?
Wireless Disadvantages
Cellular Network
Organization
100w or less
Shape of Cells
Square
Hexagon
3 is
Distance between centers of cells radius R
Not always precise hexagons
Topographical limitations
Local signal propagation conditions
Location of antennas
Cellular Geometries
Frequency Reuse
E.g.
Characterizing Frequency
Reuse
D = minimum distance between centers of cells that use
Reuse factor
Each cell in pattern uses unique band of frequencies
N = I2 + J2 + (I x J),
I, J = 0, 1, 2, 3,
Frequency
Reuse
Patterns
16.11
Operation of Cellular
Base station (BS) at center of each cell
Systems
MTSO:
Fully automated
Call Stages
Three Generations
1st Generation
2nd Generation
3rd Generation
Note
16.25
16.26
1st Generation
most common
mobile phone
service since
early 80s
developed by
AT&T
16.29
16.30
Note
16.32
16.33
AMPS Components
Mobile Units
Base Transceiver
AMPS Logon
AMPS Handoffs
2nd Generation
First appeared in 1991 in Europe
Similar to working of AMPS
Designed to support phone, data,
and image
Rates up to 9.6 kbps
GSM transmission is encrypted using
secret keys
Global System
for Mobile Communication
GSM SIM
Multiple Access
theoretical advantages
increased range
choice for 3rd generation
16.45
16.46
16.47
Note
16.48
16.49
16.50
Note
16.51
WAP
WAP Specs
Include
programming model
Wireless Markup Language (adhering to
XML)
Microbrowser
Lightweight protocol stack
Framework for wireless telephony
applications
Note
16.57
16.58