GD&T Position Tol

LOCATION TOLERANCES
Concentricity
Symmetry
Position
These are the three geometric tolerance
controls and their associated symbols, that are
available within the family of location
tolerances.
Return to the Previous Slide
GD&T Location Table of Contents
Glossary
Master Table of Contents
Slide 1
Quit
Concentricity
DEFINITION
Concentricity is normally applied to (Two or more) features that are required to
revolve around a datum axis. A time- and resource-intensive verification process
usually involving a complex mathematical analysisis required.
Concentricity is a condition where the median points of all diametrically
opposed elements of a feature of revolution around an axis coincide with the axis
or center point of a datum feature.
Concentricity is always applied to features of size, always applies regardless of
feature size, and always requires a datum reference. A concentricity tolerance and
its datum reference can only apply regardless of feature size and therefore, cannot
be modified to MMC or LMC,
Glossary
Slide 2
Quit
Concentricity
Concentricity is most often thought of as a coaxiality control, and because it must
be verified from surface elements, it always applies RFS. Concentricity cannot be
applied to a feature; it must always be applied to features of size. However, it
cannot be modified to take advantage of bonus tolerances, and must always
reference a datum axis. In addition, fixed (functional) gages cannot be used in the
verification process. Verification must be done with variable gagingusually
resulting in higher costs.
0
25 -0.5
0.2
0
12 -0.2
Glossary
Slide 3
Quit
Concentricity
Regardless of feature size, median points from all opposing two-point measurements
on the head of the pin in this example, must be within a cylindrical tolerance zone, 0.2
mm in diameter. A variable gage will be used to secure datum feature E, and determine
the datum axis. Apposing point measurements will then be taken to verify median
points for all measurements across the diameter of the head of the pin. The clustering
of all derived median points must be within the cylindrical tolerance zone centered
around datum axis E.
0
25
0.2
12
-0.5
E
0
-0.2
Glossary
Slide 4
Quit
Verifying Concentricity
25
0
-0.5
0.2
12
At every measuring
location of diametrically
opposed elements, a
median point must be
established.
0
-0.2
0
25 -0.5
0.2
12
0
-0.2
Glossary
Slide 5
Quit
Verifying Concentricity
25
0
-0.5
0.2
12
At every measuring
location of diametrically
opposed elements, a
median point must be
established.
0
-0.2
0
25 -0.5
0.2
12
Regardless of feature
size, all median points
of diametrically opposed
elements of the feature
must lie within the 0.2
diameter cylindrical
tolerance zone, which is
also centered around the
datum axis.
0
-0.2
Glossary
Slide 6
Quit
SYMMETRY OF SIZE FEATURES
Glossary
Slide 7
Quit
Symmetry
DEFINITION:
Symmetry is a condition where the median points of all opposed or
correspondingly-located elements of two or more feature surfaces are coincident
with the axis or center plane of a datum feature.
Symmetry is always applied to features of size, always applies regardless of
feature size, and always requires a datum reference. A symmetry tolerance and its
datum reference can only apply regardless of feature size.
Symmetry cannot be modified to MMC or LMC.
Symmetry, like concentricity, requires a time- and resource-intensive verification
process. Median points for all opposed elements of the controlled feature, must
be verified.
Glossary
Slide 8
Quit
Symmetry of Size Features

The requirement for this object is that the two sides of the groove be symmetrical about
the center plane. The center plane is established by the height feature of size
dimension, and the symmetry control is called out in the feature control frame.
8.8
8.2
A
0.4
20.5
20.0
Glossary
Slide 9
Quit
Symmetry of Size Features

A
8.8
8.2
0.4
20.5
20.0
Center plane of datum feature A,

ascertained by variable gage.
The median points of all

opposed elements of the
groove (measurements
across the opening and
perpendicular to the center
plane) must lie between two
parallel planes 0.4 mm apart,
which planes must also be
parallel to the center plane.
0.4 wide tolerance zone

Glossary
Slide 10
Quit
TOLERANCES OF POSITION
Glossary
Slide 11
Quit
TOLERANCES OF POSITION
Industry uses tolerances of position because they:

control the theoretically exact location of features,
simulate mating part (worst case) relationships,
may be modified to MMC and LMC,
provide flexibility in verification and simulation,
may be used to control features in coaxial relationships,
provide symmetrical controls of features relative to a center plane, and
frequently provide generous margins of cost-savings.
Glossary
Slide 12
Quit
COORDINATE TOLERANCING
COMPARED TO POSITION
TOLERANCING
Glossary
Slide 13
Quit
COORDINATE LOCATION
TOLERANCING
Glossary
Slide 14
Quit
Coordinate tolerancing
of a hole location
Using standard dimensions with plus and minus tolerances, locate the intersecting
center planes which locate the center line or axis of a feature (in this case, a hole).
Glossary
Slide 15
Quit
of a hole location
.750
.005
24.000
.005
Each of the tolerances on the coordinate dimensions is .005, or .010 inches.

First, add the tolerance limits on the horizontal dimension.
Glossary
Slide 16
Quit
of a hole location
.755 (.750 + .005)

.750
.005
.745 (.750 - .005)
24.000
.005
Next add to the drawing the plus and minus value to the vertical dimension.
Glossary
Slide 17
Quit
of a hole location
.755 (.750 + .005)

.750
.005
.745 (.750 - .005)
24.005
24.000
.005
23.995
The tolerance zone (in this case) will now measure exactly ten thousandths on any vertical or horizontal
coordinate. However, when measured along any other orientation, the distance increases proportionately.
Glossary
Slide 18
Quit
of a hole location
.755 (.750 + .005)

.750
.005
.745 (.750 - .005)
24.005
24.000
.014
.005
23.995
The tolerance zone in this case will now measure exactly ten thousandths on any vertical or
horizontal coordinate. However, when measured in any orientation other than vertical or
horizontal, the distance increases proportionately, until a maximum is reached at the corners
of the tolerance zone.
Glossary
Slide 19
Quit
The Coordinate Tolerance Dilemma

The assignment of coordinate dimensions with their associated tolerance limits
(plus/minus or otherwise), creates a set of interesting problems for design
personnel. A careful analysis of any design project that has been defined using
coordinate plus and minus tolerances, reveals the following circumstances that
must be dealt with by the designer or engineer:
Coordinate tolerances produce 3-D rectangular tolerance zones--(width, height,

and depth).
The feature axis can be established and exist anywhere within the limits of the
tolerance zone.
The 3-D diagonal measurement through a rectangular tolerance zone must be

functionally acceptable to the designer.
If the diagonal measurement is valid, then generally speaking, shouldnt the

same value be acceptable in all directions?
Coordinate dimensions for location of features requires additional evaluation to

determine the worst case scenario (diagonal measurements).
Glossary
Slide 20
Quit
POSITION LOCATION TOLERANCING
Glossary
Slide 21
Quit
Coordinate Location Tolerance

.010
.010
.014
Returning to the previous example, lets examine both the dilemma and a solution. If the
designer can live with a tolerance of .007 on the diagonalin the worst case, then the
tolerance of .005 for coordinate locating dimensions could be specified, all of which
compounds the tolerance analysis. Instead of using a rectangular coordinate zone, lets
substitute a cylindrical tolerance zone that will allow .007 in all directions from its center.
Glossary
Slide 22
Quit

.010
.010
.014
The tolerance zone for acceptable axis location increases significantly when the tolerance zone is
defined as a cylinder. By defining the zone in this way, axis location is permitted to vary from its true
position by an equal amount in all directions. In other words, the tolerance zone expands to include
areas that were previously unacceptable. In some instances, useable parts have been rejected because
the axis location of features was found to be outside the limits of coordinate tolerance boundaries
but would have been within the circular limits.
Glossary
Slide 23
Quit

.010
.010
.014
Geometric (position) tolerancing allows the tolerance zone to be defined as a cylinder,

the diameter of which is equal to the diagonal distance across the corners of the
coordinate tolerance zone. The previously unusable tolerance area increases the available
tolerance by 57%!
Glossary
Slide 24
Quit
The 57% increase in usable tolerance (shaded areas) derived from geometric tolerancing,
would not be acceptable in coordinate tolerancing situations. The small red crosses
represent a few of the infinite number of possible axis locations that would be
unacceptable, using coordinate tolerancing, but which would be acceptable in position
tolerancing. Consequently, geometric position tolerancing in appropriate applications
has provided significant cost savings.
Glossary
Slide 25
Quit
TRUE POSITION GEOMETRIC

TOLERANCING
Glossary
Slide 26
Quit
DEFINITION
True Position is the exact or perfect location of a point, line or planeusually the
center of a size featurein relationship to a datum reference frame and/or other
features of size.
Glossary
Slide 27
Quit
DEFINITION
True Position Tolerance A specified area or zone, within which the center, axis, or
center plane of a feature of size is permitted to vary from its theoretically exact or
true position.
Glossary
Slide 28
Quit
DEFINITION
True Position Tolerance A specified area or zone, within which the center, axis,
or center plane of a feature of size is permitted to vary from its theoretically
exact or true position.
Note: When features of size are controlled at MMC or LMC, the tolerance is
defined by the virtual condition boundary, located at its theoretically exact
position, which cannot be violated by surface elements of the controlled feature.
Glossary
Slide 29
Quit
Basic Dimensions on Drawings

In the past, basic dimensions were labeled BASIC or BSC following or below the
dimension (see MIL STD 8C; ANSI Y14.5-1973; ANSI Y14.51982). This
practice is no longer recommended.
3.438 BASIC
3.000 BSC
Glossary
Slide 30
Quit

dimension (see MIL STD 8C; ANSI Y14.5-1973; ANSI Y14.51982). This
3.438 BASIC
3.000 BSC
Basic dimensions are (and were) also identified in a special symbol an enclosing
rectangle:* 24.6
* Current recommended practice ASME Y14.5M-1994

Glossary
Slide 31
Quit

dimension (see MIL STD 8C; ANSI Y14.5 1973; ANSI Y14.51982). This
3.438 BASIC
3.000 BSC
Basic dimensions are (and were) also identified in a special symbol an enclosing
rectangle:* 24.6
They were also called out in special notes. *

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL UNTOLERANCED DIMENSIONS ARE BASIC
* Current recommended practice ASME Y14.5M-1994

Glossary
Slide 32
Quit
MMC BOUNDARY THEORY

(INTERNAL FEATURESHOLES)
Glossary
Slide 33
Quit
Boundary Theory
(Internal FeaturesHoles)
Two center planes are necessary to

identify the location of a hole.
Glossary
Slide 34
Quit
Boundary Theory
True Position
Basic dimensions locate the true

position of the hole by locating the
two required center planes from
datum surfaces (or other features of
size that are, themselves, located
relative to a datum or datums).
Glossary
Slide 35
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
A feature control frame is associated

with the size dimension of the hole,
and specifies the tolerance zone
(shape and size) for the featurein
this case a cylindrical tolerance
zone for the axis of a hole.
Glossary
Slide 36
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
The theoretical boundary for the

hole is determined by subtracting
the position tolerance from the
maximum material condition of
the hole size (this is also the virtual
condition or VC of the hole). This
boundary is centered on the true
position.
Theoretical Boundary
(Virtual ConditionHole at MMC GTOL Tolerance)
Glossary
Slide 37
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
(Actual Hole Diameter)
M
The location of the hole axis may

vary within its cylindrical
tolerance limits (yellow circle),
but no element of the hole surface
may ever be inside the theoretical
boundary (blue-green circle).
Glossary
Slide 38
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
M
The series of slides that follow,

show various positions of the
axis and resulting hole. Notice
that the theoretical boundary is
never violated.
Glossary
Slide 39
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
M
Note that for every incremental

change of axis location (always
located at an extreme position),
the actual hole surface is
outside the theoretical
boundary.
Glossary
Slide 40
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
M

boundary.
Glossary
Slide 41
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
M

boundary.
Glossary
Slide 42
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
M

boundary.
Glossary
Slide 43
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
M

boundary.
Glossary
Slide 44
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
M

boundary.
Glossary
Slide 45
Quit
Boundary Theory
Cylindrical
Tolerance Zone
True Position
M

boundary.
Glossary
Slide 46
Quit
MMC BOUNDARY THEORY

(EXTERNAL FEATURESSHAFTS)
Glossary
Slide 47
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

(External FeaturesStuds, Posts, Etc.)
The true position is located For an external feature.
True Position
Glossary
Slide 48
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

A cylindrical tolerance zone is established in the feature control frame.
True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone
Glossary
Slide 49
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone
The theoretical boundary is
established by adding the
maximum material condition
value of the external feature
to the positional tolerance,
and centering the resulting
boundary circle at the true
position. This value is also
the virtual condition of the
external feature of size.
(Virtual Condition
Shaft at MMC + GTOL Tolerance)
Glossary
Slide 50
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone
(Actual External Diameter)

M
The location of the external feature axis

may vary within its cylindrical tolerance
limits (yellow circle), but no elements of
its surface may be outside the theoretical
boundary blue-green circle). Lets
demonstrate that by cycling the pattern
through a complete revolution.
Glossary
Slide 51
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone

M
The location of the external feature

axis may vary within its cylindrical
tolerance limits, but no elements of its
surface may be outside the theoretical
boundary. Lets demonstrate that by
cycling the pattern through a complete
revolution.
Glossary
Slide 52
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone

M

revolution.
Glossary
Slide 53
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone

M

revolution.
Glossary
Slide 54
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone

M

revolution.
Glossary
Slide 55
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone

M

revolution.
Glossary
Slide 56
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone

M

revolution.
Glossary
Slide 57
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone

M

revolution.
Glossary
Slide 58
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone

M

revolution.
Glossary
Slide 59
Quit
MMC Boundary Theory

True Position
Cylindrical
Tolerance
Zone

M

revolution.
Glossary
Slide 60
Quit
TOLERANCE OF POSITION
REQUIREMENTS
Glossary
Slide 61
Quit
Position Tolerance Requirements
Wherever position tolerances are used, they must be applied to features of size.
Basic dimensions are used to locate and establish the absolute location or true position
of size features relative to specific datums and interrelated features. Basic dimensions
are not toleranced on the drawing. The absolute locations of features of size are
located by basic dimensions. Location tolerances for the size features are called out in
feature control frames.
In most cases, datum references are required.
Glossary
Slide 62
Quit
DATUM REFERENCES AND POSITION

TOLERANCES
Glossary
Slide 63
Quit
Tolerance of Position applied RFS

Some fundamentals of position tolerancing, when applied regardless of
feature size, are as follows:
The tolerance control is most often established around the feature axis or
center plane.
No bonus tolerance is available because the stipulated tolerance applies at

any increment of size.
Part verification requires the use of variable gages usually at higher cost .
Glossary
Slide 64
Quit
TOLERANCE OF POSITION AT
REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE
Glossary
Slide 65
Quit
Tolerance of Position -- RFS

.490 - .500
A
.014
B C
The information in the feature control

frame would be read as follows:
Regardless of feature size, this feature
must be located on true position within
a cylindrical tolerance zone of .014 in.
on diameter, with reference to datums A
(primary), B(secondary), and C
(tertiary).
Irrespective of how large or small the
actual hole size iswithin its size
limitsno additional tolerances are
available for the location of the feature.
Ill demonstrate in the next few slides.
B
Glossary
Slide 66
Quit

The exact location of the hole is established with basic dimensions.
True Position
Glossary
Slide 67
Quit

The cylindrical tolerance zone is established in the feature control frame ( .014).
True Position
.014
B C
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
Glossary
Slide 68
Quit

True Position
For the worst possible condition,

the hole axis is located at the
extreme limit of the cylindrical
tolerance zone.
.014
B C
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
Glossary
Slide 69
Quit

When the axis is located at the
extreme limit of the tolerance
zone, the MMC hole axis would
be offset from the true position
by a distance equal to one-half
of the position tolerance (.007).
True Position
.014
MMC Diameter
B C
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
(Always the Same)
Glossary
Slide 70
Quit

The actual hole size may
vary between MMC
(smallest diameter) and
LMC (largest diameter), but
the axis location cannot
violate the boundaries of its
location tolerance.
True Position
.014
MMC Diameter
B C
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
(Always the Same)
LMC Diameter
Glossary
Slide 71
Quit

The white circle represents
the MMC boundary. Its
center is located at true
position. No element of the
hole surface can be inside
this boundary.
True Position
.014
B C
MMC Boundary
(VC Functional Gauge
MMC Diameter
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
LMC Diameter
(Always the Same)
Glossary
Slide 72
Quit
The outer white circle

represents the LMC
boundary centered on
true position. No
elements on the surface
of the hole can be
outside of this boundary.
The following series of
slides will sequence the
progressive position of
the center of the hole as
it moves around the
tolerance zone.
LMC Boundary
True Position
.014
B C
MMC Boundary
(VC Functional Gauge)
MMC Diameter
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
LMC Diameter
(Always the Same)
Glossary
Slide 73
Quit

represents the LMC
boundary. No elements
on the surface of the
hole can be outside of
this boundary. The
following series of
the center of the hole
as it moves around the
tolerance zone.
LMC Boundary
True Position
.014
B C
MMC Boundary
MMC Diameter
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
LMC Diameter
Glossary
Slide 74
Quit

represents the LMC
this boundary. The
following series of
tolerance zone.
LMC Boundary
True Position
.014
B C
MMC Boundary
MMC Diameter
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
LMC Diameter
Glossary
Slide 75
Quit

represents the LMC
this boundary. The
following series of
tolerance zone.
LMC Boundary
True Position
.014
B C
MMC Boundary
MMC Diameter
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
LMC Diameter
Glossary
Slide 76
Quit

represents the LMC
this boundary. The
following series of
tolerance zone.
LMC Boundary
True Position
.014
B C
MMC Boundary
MMC Diameter
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
LMC Diameter
Glossary
Slide 77
Quit

represents the LMC
this boundary. The
following series of
tolerance zone.
LMC Boundary
True Position
.014
B C
MMC Boundary
MMC Diameter
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
LMC Diameter
Glossary
Slide 78
Quit

represents the LMC
this boundary. The
following series of
tolerance zone.
LMC Boundary
True Position
.014
B C
MMC Boundary
MMC Diameter
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
LMC Diameter
Glossary
Slide 79
Quit

represents the LMC
this boundary. The
following series of
tolerance zone.
LMC Boundary
True Position
.014
B C
MMC Boundary
MMC Diameter
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
LMC Diameter
Glossary
Slide 80
Quit

represents the LMC
this boundary. The
following series of
tolerance zone.
LMC Boundary
True Position
.014
B C
MMC Boundary
MMC Diameter
Location Tolerance
Zone RFS
LMC Diameter
Glossary
Slide 81
Quit
TOLERANCE OF POSITION AT
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION
Glossary
Slide 82
Quit
Tolerance of Position -- MMC

The next example will illustrate the concept of bonus tolerance, in connection
with position tolerances. We will use the same drawing example that was used to
discuss tolerances of position, when applied regardless of feature size (RFS). One
of the significant differences you will see is the advantages of defining the
tolerance zone for the axis of a hole as we did beforebut this time, we will add
the modifier for maximum material condition (MMC) to the tolerance
specification in the feature control frame. Notice the changes that occur in
location tolerances when modifiers are used, and as departure from MMC occurs.
Glossary
Slide 83
Quit

.490 - .500
A
.014 M
B C
The information in the feature

control frame would be read as
follows: This feature must be
located on true position within a
cylindrical tolerance zone of .014 on
diameter with reference to datums A
(primary), B (secondary), and C
(tertiary), when the hole is at its
smallest size, or MMC.
B
As the actual hole size increases in

size from MMC, additional
tolerance (equal to the amount of
departure) may be added to the
location tolerance for the feature.
Glossary
Slide 84
Quit

True Position
The exact location of the hole is

established by basic dimensions.
Glossary
Slide 85
Quit

The maximum material condition
diameter of .490 is shown at its
maximum offset from true position
one-half the specified location
tolerance.
MMC Diameter (Axis

at Maximum Offset)
True Position
Glossary
Slide 86
Quit

As the size of the hole changes
within its tolerance range from
MMCsmallest hole size
limit, and increases in size
towards the LMC, or upper
size limit, an equal amount of
tolerance can be added to the
axis location tolerance.
MMC Diameter
True Position
Location Tolerance
Zone at LMC
Glossary
Slide 87
Quit

The additional tolerance for
the hole axis location (which is
equal to the amount of
departure from MMC), is
called bonus tolerance.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
Bonus Tolerance
Location Tolerance
Zone at LMC
Glossary
Slide 88
Quit

When the hole size is at its
lower limit (MMC), and
positioned at the extreme
limit of the MMC location
tolerance, the MMC
boundary is established.
When the feature of size is at
this limit, no elements of the
hole surface may be inside
this theoretical boundary.
This is the virtual condition
of the hole, which also
simulates the mating part at
its maximum material
condition.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
Zone at LMC
Glossary
Slide 89
Quit

When the hole size is at its
upper limit (LMC), and
positioned at the extreme
limit of the location
tolerance, the LMC
boundary is
established.
No elements of
the hole surface
can be out-side
this boundary.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
LMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
Zone at LMC
Glossary
Slide 90
Quit

In this next series of slides, note
that while the size and location
of the actual hole may vary, the
elements on
the surface of the holes
never violate their
boundaries. This
series will help
you to understand
how the hole size
changes can affect
the location of the
center axisand its orientation.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
(VC=MMC-Tol)
LMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
Zone at LMC
Glossary
Slide 91
Quit

Axis location variance
possibilities when position
tolerance is modified to
MMC.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
(VC=MMC-Tol)
LMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
at MMC
Location Tolerance at LMC
Glossary
Slide 92
Quit

MMC.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
(VC=MMC-Tol)
LMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
at MMC
Glossary
Slide 93
Quit

MMC.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
(VC=MMC-Tol)
LMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
at MMC
Glossary
Slide 94
Quit

MMC.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
(VC=MMC-Tol)
LMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
at MMC
Glossary
Slide 95
Quit

MMC.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
(VC=MMC-Tol)
LMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
at MMC
Glossary
Slide 96
Quit

MMC.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
(VC=MMC-Tol)
LMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
at MMC
Glossary
Slide 97
Quit

MMC.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
(VC=MMC-Tol)
LMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
at MMC
Glossary
Slide 98
Quit

MMC.
MMC Diameter
True Position
LMC
Diameter
MMC Boundary
(VC=MMC-Tol)
LMC Boundary
Location Tolerance
at MMC
Glossary
Slide 99
Quit
ZERO POSITION TOLERANCE AT MMC
Glossary
Slide 100
Quit
Zero Position Tolerance at MMC
Occasionally it may be desirable to increase position tolerances, but

maintain specific, albeit acceptable, feature size limits. Such can be
achieved by calling out the lower limit of the hole size at the absolute
minimum to allow a MMC fastener to be inserted, and specifying a MMC
position tolerance of zero.
Glossary
Slide 101
Quit
Zero Position Tolerance at MMC

(Min Hole=Max Fastener Fit)
0 M A B C
When the holes are at MMC,

the hole positions must be
exact. As the hole size moves
towards LMC, the location
tolerance increases
proportionately.
C
Glossary
Slide 102
Quit
POSITION TOLERANCES CONTROLLING

PLANAR APPLICATIONS
Glossary
Slide 103
Quit
Position Tolerances Controlling Planar Features of Size
Tolerance of position principles may also be applied to planar features of size, in

which case, the diameter symbol is removed from the feature control frame.
0.6 M
A B C
Glossary
Slide 104
Quit
Position Tolerances Controlling Planar Features of Size
Tolerance of position principles may also be applied to planar features of size, in

which case, the diameter symbol is removed from the feature control frame. The
resulting tolerance zone is established by two parallel planes, separated by a distance
equal to the tolerance value. Modifiers, and therefore, bonus tolerances may also be
applied under these circumstances.
0.6 M
A B C
Glossary
Slide 105
Quit
Symmetrical Features Controlled

With Position Tolerancing -- RFS
Lets consider controlling symmetry of a feature of size, using position tolerancing . The
tolerance must be maintained regardless of feature size. A feature of size dimension
(20.0-20.5mm), establishes datum centerplane N. Regardless of feature size, the
centerplane of the controlled groove must be within two parallel planes, 0.4 mm apart,
that is centered on datum plane N and perpendicular to datum plane R.
8.8
8.0
N
0.4
R N
20.5
20.0
Glossary
Slide 106
Quit

With Position Tolerancing -- RFS
In other words, the centerplane of the groove (and its mating envelope) must lie between
two parallel planes 0.4 apart. These two planes must be perpendicular to datum plane R
and be equally disposed about datum plane N.
Two parallel planes,

0.4 mm apart.
N
0.4
R N
20.5
20.0
Mating Envelope
R
Glossary
Slide 107
Quit

With Position Tolerancing at MMC
8.8
8.4
0.2 M J
K M
20.5
20.0
Datum centerplane K is established by the feature of size dimension 20.0-20.5 mm.

The centerplane of the groove on the right side must be within a 0.2 mm tolerance
zone, consisting of two parallel planes 0.2 mm apart.
Glossary
Slide 108
Quit

Two parallel planes,
0.2 mm apart.
8.8
8.4
0.2 M J
K M
20.5
20.0
When the controlled groove size is at MMC, it must be positioned or located about the
centerplane of datum feature K within 0.2 mm,. As departure from the MMC occurs,
additional tolerance is availableup to the limits of the groove size tolerance (0.4). The
groove centerplane must also be perpendicular to planar datum J within 0.2 mm at MMC.
As the datum feature size varies within its tolerance zone, greater flexibility is available.
Glossary
Slide 109
Quit
8.8
8.4
0.2 M J

K M
20.5
20.0
GROOVE FEATURE SIZE
DATUM K
FEATURE
SIZE
MMC
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
20.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20.4
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
20.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
20.2
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
20.1
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
20.0
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
The chart shows the values of size that would occur as the height of the
object, and the groove size depart from MMC towards LMC.
Glossary
Width of
Tolerance
Zone
LMC
Slide 110
Quit
POSITIONING MULTIPLE
SYMMETRICAL FEATURES AT MMC
Glossary
Slide 111
Quit
Position Tolerancing, Used to Locate Tabs and/or Slots That

Are Symmetrical About Their Center Planes
Dimension relationships between features, establish the size specifications and

the number of times the features occur in the part.
Identify and label all related and controlling datums.
Complete the specification with the position tolerance, including appropriate

references to the related datums, in the feature control frame.
Glossary
Slide 112
Quit
Locating Symmetrical Features

8X 45
40
0.4
0
52
25
0
0.6
0
0.4
8X 6.0 - 6.2
Dimension locations and relationships between features, and specify the number of instances followed
by the size specification.
Glossary
Slide 113
Quit

8X 45
40
0.4
0
52
0
0.6
E
25
0
0.4
8X 6.0 - 6.2
Identify and label related datums
Glossary
Slide 114
Quit

8X 45
40
0.4
0
52
0
0.6
E
25
0
0.4
8X 6.0 - 6.2
0.5 M D E M
Complete the specification with the position tolerance, including appropriate references to the related datums,
in the feature control frame.
Glossary
Slide 115
Quit
NONPARALLEL FEATURES
Glossary
Slide 116
Quit
Nonparallel Features
Occasionally, holes must be placed at an angle to a surface. There are also
instances where the axes of holes may not be parallel to each other --such as a
pattern of holes around the outside of a cylinder. Position tolerances may be used
in these circumstances to properly locate and position features relative to each
other, and to a datum or datums.
Glossary
Slide 117
Quit
Angled and Nonparallel Features

8X
A
A
8X 45
4X
+ 0.2
0
0.2 M A B M
+ 0.2
0
0.4 M A B M
10
75.2
75.0
SECTION AA
20
12
4X 45
A
Glossary
Slide 118
Quit
POSITION TOLERANCES AT LMC
Glossary
Slide 119
Quit
Position Tolerances at LMC

When a LMC modifier is applied to a tolerance of position, the tolerance applies
when the least amount of material is left in the part (largest hole, smallest shaft).
Conditions are reversed from the MMC control. There is no bonus tolerance
when the feature of size is at LMC, and the full bonus tolerance is available at
MMC.
Glossary
Slide 120
Quit

The least material condition modifier is commonly used to
Control minimum wall thickness on a part,
Maintain a minimum distance from an edge to a feature such as a hole, or
Control minimum stock for machining on castings.
Variable gaging or open inspection techniques are required for verification.
Glossary
Slide 121
Quit

Tolerance zone at LMC
True position
True position is determined by basic dimensions, and the tolerance is depicted at

the maximum diameter limit(LMC).
Glossary
Slide 122
Quit

Locating the LMC diameter

of the hole with its axis at the
extreme offset from true
position, we represent the
worst position for wall
thickness or distance spacing
control from a datum surface.
True position
Hole size at maximum diameter (LMC)
Glossary
Slide 123
Quit

The location tolerance zone

increases in an amount equal
to the departure of the hole
size away from LMC (as the
hole gets smaller).
True position
Glossary
Slide 124
Quit

The least material condition

(largest hole size) is
specified because the
minimum wall thickness, or
distance from the edge of
the hole to the edge of the
part must be controlled.
As the hole gets smaller, the
actual location of the hole
becomes less critical.
Therefore, bonus tolerance
allows for an increase in
offset tolerance for the axis
of the hole from its true
position.
True position
Glossary
Slide 125
Quit

This next series of slides present an example problem and solution, dealing with
least material condition. There is a minimum of text associate with each slide. Take
the time to study the presentation, however, and you will discover that the affects of
LMC, in a position context, is calculated just the opposite of the affects of MMC.
When minimum edge distance or minimum wall thickness is important, least
material condition should likely be considered.
It is important to remember that when a position tolerance is modified to apply at
least material condition (LMC), all of the principles of MMC are essentially
reversed. Bonus tolerances do apply, but they are maximized when the feature of
size is at MMC. At least material condition, there is no bonus tolerance.
Glossary
Slide 126
Quit
Calculating Least Material Condition
25.4 - 25.6
54.0 - 54.2
0.4 L A
12.0 - 12.2
This is a hollow step shaft. A minimum wall thickness of 6.0 mm must be

assured.
Glossary
Slide 127
Quit
25.4 - 25.6
54.0 - 54.2
0.4 L A
12.0 - 12.2
Expanding pin or mandrel establishes datum axis A
25.4 LMC
Datum A is first established using a variable gage.

Glossary
Slide 128
Quit
25.4 - 25.6
54.0 - 54.2
0.4 L A
12.0 - 12.2
Expanding mandrel establishes datum axis A

0.4 (Cylindrical) Zone
25.4 LMC
The axis of the internal diameter must be within a cylindrical tolerance zone 0.4 mm in diameter.
Glossary
Slide 129
Quit
25.4 - 25.6
54.0 - 54.2
0.4 L A
12.0 - 12.2
25.0 Theoretical
Boundary
25.4 LMC
The position tolerance is subtracted from the LMC of the internal diameter, resulting in a diameter of
25.0 mm, and producing the critical size limit or boundary-- 25.0 mm.
Glossary
Slide 130
Quit
25.4 - 25.6
54.0 - 54.2
0.4 L A

6.4 Minimum wall
12.0 - 12.2
25.0 Theoretical
Boundary
25.4 LMC
The upper limit of the hole diameter is 12.2 mm. Subtract this amount from the lower limit
of the outside diameter (25.0 12.2 = 12.8/2 = 6.4 mm minimum wall thickness).
Glossary
Slide 131
Quit
54.0 - 54.2
0.4 L A

6.4 Minimum wall
25.4
- .4
= 25.0
- 12.2
12.8
2
= 6.4
25.4 - 25.6
12.0 - 12.2
LMC
Tol Zone
(VC)
LMC of A
Rad. Factor
Min Wall
25.0 Theoretical
Boundary
25.4 LMC
Go through the process again. Make sure you understand what is being done in this
calculation.
Glossary
Slide 132
Quit
COMPOSITE POSITION TOLERANCING
Glossary
Slide 133
Quit
Composite Position Tolerancing

When features such as holes are arranged in a pattern, and the location of the
pattern is less significant to the design than the actual relationships between the
holes in the pattern (position and orientation), composite position tolerancing
should be considered.
A Pattern-locating Tolerance Zone Framework (PLTZF) controls the location of
the hole pattern.
PLTZF
0.4
X Y Z
Glossary
Slide 134
Quit

When features such as holes are arranged in a pattern, and the location of the
pattern is less significant to the design than the actual relationships between the
holes in the pattern (position and orientation), composite position tolerancing
should be considered.
A Pattern-locating Tolerance Zone Framework (PLTZF) controls the location of
the hole pattern.
A Feature-relating Tolerance Zone Framework (FRTZF) establishes the
interrelationships between features.
PLTZF
FRTZF
0.4
X Y Z
0.15
Glossary
Slide 135
Quit

The pattern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF) is always located relative
to specific datums, using basic dimensions.
The PLTZF calls out the larger position tolerance to locate the pattern of features
as a group.
The PLTZF is always specified in the upper segment of the feature control frame,
and establishes the order of precedence for inspection and verification.
Glossary
Slide 136
Quit

The pattern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF) is always located relative
to specific datums, using basic dimensions.
The PLTZF calls out the larger position tolerance to locate the pattern of features
as a group.
The PLTZF is always specified in the upper segment of the feature control frame,
and establishes the order of precedence for inspection and verification.
0.4
X Y Z
Glossary
Slide 137
Quit

The feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF) controls the feature
interrelationships within the pattern of features.
The FRTZF resides in the lower half of the feature control frame and establishes a smaller
position tolerance, controlling the relationships of features to each other, within the located
pattern (PLTZF).
Basic dimensions used to relate the PLTZF to controlling datums do not apply to the FRTZF.
Datum references may be applied, but are not required in the FRTZF. In the example, the
orientation (attitude) of the features is controlled with reference to datum X, but with no
relationship to datums Y and Z.
Glossary
Slide 138
Quit

The feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF) controls the feature
interrelationships within the pattern of features.
The FRTZF resides in the lower half of the feature control frame and establishes a smaller
position tolerance, controlling the relationships of features to each other, within the located
pattern (PLTZF).
Basic dimensions used to relate the PLTZF to controlling datums do not apply to the FRTZF.
Datum references may be applied, but are not required in the FRTZF. In the example, the
orientation (attitude) of the features is controlled with reference to datum X, but with no
relationship to datums Y and Z.
0.4
X Y Z
0.15
Glossary
Slide 139
Quit
Composite and Single-Segment Feature Control Frames

We will consider the four-hole pattern that is controlled with a composite feature control
frame. Note that the three holes near the base of the part are controlled with two singleline feature control frames. This practice is followed when it is necessary to apply the
basic dimensions along with the datum references for both the pattern locating and the
feature relating tolerances (PLTZF and FRTZF).
0.4
X Y Z
0.15
0.4
X Y Z
0.1
X Y Z
Glossary
Slide 140
Quit
Composite Feature Control Frames

Lets examine the four-hole pattern at the top of the part. An enlarged view may help us
evaluate the interaction between the PLTZF and the FRTZFcontrols for the location of the
hole pattern, and the interrelationships between holes in the pattern. This single, composite
feature control frame has a very specific application.
0.4
X Y Z
0.15
0.4
X Y Z
0.1
X Y Z
Glossary
Slide 141
Quit

The four-hole pattern must be located as a group from datums X, Y, and Z, with each hole
having a cylindrical tolerance zone, 0.4 mm in diameter (PLTZF). The holes must be
positioned relative to each other within a cylindrical zone 0.15 mm in diameter (FRTZF),
and fully within the larger pattern-locating tolerance zone. The holes will also be
perpendicular to datum feature X within 0.15.
0.4
M X Y Z
0.15 M X
Glossary
Slide 142
Quit

The theoretically exact hole pattern location is positioned with basic dimensions
with reference to datums X, Y, and Z.
0.4
M X Y Z
0.15 M X
Glossary
Slide 143
Quit

The cylindrical tolerance zones (shown in yellow) for the pattern locating
tolerance zone is located at the patterns true position.
0.4
M X Y Z
0.15 M X
Glossary
0.4 tolerance zone

(PLTZF)
Slide 144
Quit

The cylindrical tolerance zones (shown in yellow) for the pattern locating tolerance
zone is located at the patterns true position. The small crosses represent a possible
displacement of the axes, but still within the tolerance zones.
0.4
M X Y Z
0.15 M X
Glossary
0.4 tolerance zone

(PLTZF)
Slide 145
Quit

The misalignment is more obvious with the center planes displayed. Note that the
axis location for each hole is within the prescribed location tolerance zone for the
pattern of holes.
0.4
M X Y Z
0.15 M X
Glossary
0.4 tolerance zone

(PLTZF)
Slide 146
Quit

The feature relating tolerance zone is shown within the larger pattern locating
tolerance zone, on the drawing layout. Note that the feature related tolerance zones
are mostly within the pattern location tolerance zones.
0.15
tolerance zones
(FRTZF)
0.4
M X Y Z
0.15 M X
Glossary
0.4 tolerance zone

(PLTZF)
Slide 147
Quit

Feature axes must lie within both tolerance zone cylinders simultaneously. Portions of the
feature relating tolerance zones are not available if they extend outside the boundaries of the
pattern locating tolerance zones. Parts with hole axes outside the areas included within both
circles would be rejected.
0.15
tolerance zones
(FRTZF)
0.4
M X Y Z
0.15 M X
Glossary
0.4 tolerance zone

(PLTZF)
Slide 148
Quit

The feature axis may be anywhere within the area shared by both inscribing tolerance zones. Any area of the combined
tolerance zones that is not included within both circles is sacrificed. In this case, to be accepted, the feature axis could
not be within the red portion of the blue circle (FRTZF). It must be in the area shared by both zones, as shown.
Glossary
Slide 149
Quit
ALIGNMENT OF COAXIAL FEATURES
Glossary
Slide 150
Quit
Coaxial Feature Alignment

Case Number One
When multiple aligned holes (located as a group) are to be on a controlled linear
axis, a composite position tolerance may be used.
The pattern locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZFlocated on top in the
composite feature control frame) is a larger cylindrical tolerance, extending
through the part, within which the holes must lie as a group.
The smaller cylindrical feature relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZFthe
bottom segment in the feature control frame) controls the feature to feature
alignment within the pattern locating tolerance boundary (PLTZF).
Glossary
Slide 151
Quit
Linear Coaxial Feature Alignment

Datum Reference in the PLTZF
3X
+ 0.2
0
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
A B
The three-hole linear pattern on this hinge is to

be located on true position with reference to
datum features A and B within a cylindrical
tolerance of 0.4 mm diameter at MMC.
Glossary
Slide 152
Quit

Datum Reference in the FRTZF
3X
+ 0.2
0
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
A B
The features are to be aligned in relation to each

other with reference to datum features A and B
within a cylindrical tolerance of 0.1 diameter at
MMC, which must be within the larger pattern
locating tolerance of 0.4 diameter.
Glossary
Slide 153
Quit

First, lets examine the affect of the PLTZF. A cylindrical tolerance zone, 0.4 mm
in diameter, is specified for the three aligned holes. The axis of all three holes
must be within this tolerance zone.
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
A B
Glossary
Slide 154
Quit

3X
+ 0.2
0
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
A B
Notice that in this case, both the PLTZF and the FRTZF have reference to datums A
and B. The outcome of this requirement will be considered in the next few slides.
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
A B
Glossary
Slide 155
Quit

The feature relating tolerance is depicted as red cylindrical zone in the drawing. Note
that they are centered within the boundaries of the larger pattern locating tolerance zone.
The axis of the holes may be anywhere within these boundaries, but must be held, in
terms of their position and orientation, with regard to datums A and B.
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
A B
Glossary
Slide 156
Quit

This illustration depicts the worst case for alignment of the axes and the three
holes. The hole axes must be within the red tolerance zones which are positioned
relative to datums A and B.
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
A B
Glossary
Slide 157
Quit

At MMC, the hinge pin will still slide through the three holes without
interference.
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
A B
Glossary
Slide 158
Quit

In this next series of slides, the example will depict a situation where no
orientation datum features are identified in the feature relating tolerance zone
frameworkthe lower portion of the composite feature control frame or FRTZF.
The refining (FRTZF) tolerance controls the feature to feature alignment within
the larger pattern location position tolerance (PLTZF), without regard to the
locating datums.
Glossary
Slide 159
Quit
3X
+ 0.2
0
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
The circumstances in this case are similar to the last

example, with one major difference. Notice that the FRTZF
(the lower segment of the feature control frame) contains no
datum references. The results of this type of control will be
illustrated in the next few slides.
Glossary
Slide 160
Quit

The three-hole linear pattern is to be located on true position with reference to
datum features A and B within a cylindrical tolerance of 0.4 diameter at MMC.
3X
+ 0.2
0
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
Glossary
Slide 161
Quit

No Datum Reference in the FRTZF
3X
+ 0.2
0
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
The features are to be aligned in relation to each other

without reference to datum features A and B within a
cylindrical tolerance of 0.1 diameter at MMC, which must be
within the larger pattern locating tolerance of 0.4 diameter.
Glossary
Slide 162
Quit

The limits of the pattern locating tolerance zone are illustrated below. They
position the three holes within the 0.4mm diameter cylindrical tolerance that
extends through the part.
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
Glossary
Slide 163
Quit

The feature relating tolerance zone (shown in red) must contain the axes for the
three holes. Note that in this case, the feature relating tolerance zone is not
centered on the axis of the pattern locating tolerance zone. However, the total
feature relating tolerance zone (extended across the part) cannot violate the extents
of the pattern locating tolerance zone.
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
Glossary
Slide 164
Quit

The axes and holes are shown in their worst case position and orientation. The
pattern locating tolerance zone is maintained with respect to the controlling datums.
However, the feature relating tolerance zone has been free to float within the larger
locating zone. The hinge pin will still fit into the holes, but it will not be directly
linked to datums A and B.
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
Glossary
Slide 165
Quit

In essence, what has been specified, is that the orientation and position of the hinge
pinrelative to datums A and Bis less critical to the success of the design, than
the position of the linear coaxial pattern of the holes. The part will still function as
intended, even though the coaxiality of the feature relationships are not linked
directly to the controlling datums.
0.4 M
A B
0.1 M
Glossary
Slide 166
Quit
If the holes are different sizes, their diameters must be called out in appropriate views.
The feature alignment requirements are identified in the composite feature control
frame.
Place a note below the feature control frame to indicate the extent of the control. For
example: TWO COAXIAL HOLES.
Glossary
Slide 167
Quit

Different Size Holes
0.6 M
A B
0.3 M
TWO COAXIAL HOLES
5.0 - 5.2
10.0 - 10.2
Similar to the last example, the feature relationship is not held relative to the
datums, but is controlled relative to the limits of the cylindrical tolerance
formed by the pattern location and coaxial requirements. The holes are
different sizes, but they must be aligned axiallywithin both acceptable
tolerance zones.
Glossary
Slide 168
Quit
COUNTERBORED HOLES
Glossary
Slide 169
Quit
Counterbored Holes
If the location, datum references, and position tolerance for a counterbore axis is
to be the same as the axis of the hole, only one feature control frame is used.
If the position tolerance of the counterbore axis is not required to be the same as
the hole, then individual callouts may be used one for the hole, the other for the
counterbore.
Glossary
Slide 170
Quit
Counterbored Holes
In this example, both the clearance hole and the counterbore specification are controlled with a single geometric tolerance
for position.
4X
B
5.4 - 5.6
8.4 - 8.6
5.0 - 5.5
0.2 M A B C
Glossary
Slide 171
Quit
Counterbored Holes
The interpretation of the previous slide indicates that the position of the hole and
the counterbore are on the same axislocated on true position relative to the
prescribed datums.
True Position
Datum Plane A
0.2 cylindrical tolerance zone --for

both the hole and the counterbore
Glossary
Slide 172
Quit
Counterbored Holes
In this example, the clearance hole and the counterbore specifications are controlled with separate and featurefeature-specific
geometric tolerances for location.
4X
B
5.4 - 5.6
0.2 M A B C
8.4 - 8.6
5.0 - 5.5
0.5 M A B C
Glossary
Slide 173
Quit
Counterbored Holes
By interpretation, the axis tolerance for the clearance hole is separate from the axis
tolerance for the counterbore. The function of each is the determining factor in this
type of decision.
True Position
Datum Plane A
Glossary
Slide 174
Quit
Counterbored Holes
For each of the clearance hole and counterbore, there is a separate tolerance zone
specified. If it is necessary to perform these functions separately, this procedure
may save costs. If, however, the operations are done simultaneously, tool changes
would be required, which may negate any savings due to tolerance advantages.
0.5 cylindrical
tolerance zone for
counterbore at MMC
True Position
Datum Plane A
0.2 cylindrical tolerance

zone for the hole at MMC
Glossary
Slide 175
Quit
FLOATING AND FIXED FASTENERS
Glossary
Slide 176
Quit
Floating Fasteners
When two or more parts are to be joined together using fasteners such as bolts and
nuts, and all of the parts have clearance holes, the relationship between the
fasteners and the parts being held together is called a floating fastener case or
relationship.
Where the fastener diameters are all the same size, and the clearance holes are the
same for all fasteners, the formula for calculating the position tolerance is:
T=h-f
Where
T = Tolerance to be applied to each part

h = MMC hole size
f = MMC fastener diameter
Glossary
Slide 177
Quit
Calculating Position Tolerances (Floating Fasteners)

The value that is called out in the feature control frame is the difference between
the MMC hole diameter and the bolt diameter at MMC.
Clearance Hole Diameter (MMC)

Bolt Diameter (MMC)
Position Tolerance
.390
.375
.015
.015
Glossary
Slide 178
Quit
Floating Fasteners
Features on mating parts that are to assemble, must be dimensioned on their individual
detail drawings, using the same geometric location (position) controls.
T=h-f
Glossary
Slide 179
Quit
Fixed Fasteners
When parts are being fastened together and one of the parts is threaded, so that
the bolt or stud is restrained, the condition is called fixed fastener case.
If it is desirable to use the same position tolerance for each instance, and the
fastener diameters are the same, the following formula is recommended:
T = (h - f)/2
Where
T = Tolerance (applied on each feature)

h = Hole size (MMC)
f = Fastener size (MMC)
Glossary
Slide 180
Quit
Fixed Fasteners
This is an example of fixed fastener case. On the part that has the tapped holes,
the position tolerance would be one-half of the difference between the MMC
fastener and the MMC tapped hole. This is the value that would appear in the
feature control frame for position tolerance.
T = ( h - f )/2
Glossary
Slide 181
Quit
PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONES USING

POSITION TOLERANCES
Glossary
Slide 182
Quit
Projected Tolerance Zones

When threaded fasteners, or press-fit pins or studs are central to functional design
and assembly, it may be necessary to control the perpendicularity of the feature
axis into the space adjacent to the feature surface.
To avoid interference that can occur because of the orientation of a fixed fastener
--controlled by the inclination of the hole into which it assembles-- a projected
tolerance zone is used.
Glossary
Slide 183
Quit
Example Number One

No Projected Tolerance Zone
Parts with holes for press-fit pins, or tapped holes for posts or studs which are
located with position tolerances, but without a projected tolerance zone, may
encounter interference when assembled with mating parts.
Glossary
Slide 184
Quit
Projected Tolerance Zones

This is an example of tapped holes located with true position but without a
projected tolerance zone
C
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010 M
Glossary
Slide 185
Quit

The thread specification and position tolerance are called out on the drawing.
However, there is no projected tolerance zone, and feature control is at MMC. The
cylindrical tolerance is .010 inches in diameter, and extends only to the size limits of
the part.
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010 M
C
Glossary
Slide 186
Quit
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010 M
As indicated, the resulting tolerance zone (axis/thread pitch diameter control) ends at
the extents of the limits of size of the part.
Glossary
Slide 187
Quit
In this situation, the feature axis

orientation may be anywhere within
the limits of the cylindrical tolerance
zone. The worst possible orientation
in the diagonal, is shown for this
example.
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010 M
Glossary
Slide 188
Quit
The worst case thread orientation is

depicted in this slide. Next, we will
depict the mating part with the
clearance holes at MMC and
maximum offset in the opposite
direction.
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010 M
Glossary
Slide 189
Quit

With the mating part at its
maximum material conditionthe
worst possible circumstance
permitted by the tolerances on the
part, added to the layout, we
begin to see the consequences of
not specifying the projected
tolerance zone.
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010 M
Glossary
Slide 190
Quit

Because no projected tolerance zone
was specified, there is a reasonable
possibility that interference will
result when attempting to assemble
the fastener at MMC.
Glossary
Slide 191
Quit
Example Number Two

Projected Tolerance Zone
Projected tolerance zones extend from the datum feature (surface) away from
the part to a minimum distance indicated either in the feature control frame, or
as specified by dimensions on the drawing.
Glossary
Slide 192
Quit

The Projected Tolerance Zone is a .010 inch diameter cylinder extending a
minimum of 1.25 inches from the surface indicated, when the feature is at MMC.
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010
1.25 C D E
Glossary
Slide 193
Quit

.010 inch positional tolerance
zone at MMC
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010
Glossary
1.25 C D E
Slide 194
Quit

The projected tolerance zone and the
threaded (tapped) hole have been
adjusted to show the worst-case
orientation.

zone at MMC
1.25 MIN
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010
1.25 C D E
Glossary
Slide 195
Quit

zone at MMC
Worst case mating part simulated

at assembly.
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010
1.25 C D E
Glossary
Slide 196
Quit

Hardware assembly
without interference.
2X .500 13 UNC 2B
.010
1.25 C D E
Glossary
Slide 197
Quit
SPHERICAL FEATURE CONTROL
Glossary
Slide 198
Quit
SPHERICAL FEATURE CONTROL

Spherical features can be located in relation to other features using position
tolerancing.
When used, the spherical diameter symbol precedes the dimension callout, and is
also placed in the tolerance block of the feature control frame.
Glossary
Slide 199
Quit
Spherical Feature Control

The spherical object in this illustration is controlled in its relationship to the flat
planar surface.
Glossary
Slide 200
Quit

Datum plane A is the origin from which the spherical diameter is positioned. The
tolerance zone is a 0.6 mm sphere which must contain the center point of the
spherical surface regardless of any variation in size, within its size limits. The
axis upon which it is positioned is the axis of the shaft RFS.
S
48.0 - 48.5
S
0.6 A B
Glossary
Slide 201
Quit
Datum plane A
True Position
S
48.0 - 48.5
S
0.6 A B
0.6 diameter
spherical tolerance
zone
Regardless of feature size, the center

of the spherical element must be
located on true position within a
spherical diameter of 0.6 mm, with
reference to datums A and B.
Datum Axis B
Glossary
Slide 202
Quit
ADVANTAGES OF
POSITION TOLERANCES
Glossary
Slide 203
Quit
Position Tolerance Advantages

Cylindrical tolerance zone -- 57% increase.
Controls tolerance accumulation.
Utilizes bonus and shift tolerances.
Supports design objectives and intent.
Specifications verified using fixed gages.
Reduces production and inspection costs.
Glossary
Slide 204
Quit

GD&T Position Tol

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

GD&T Position Tol

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

LOCATION TOLERANCES

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

SYMMETRY OF SIZE FEATURES

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Symmetry of Size Features

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Symmetry of Size Features

Center plane of datum feature A,

The median points of all

0.4 wide tolerance zone

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Industry uses tolerances of position because they:

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Each of the tolerances on the coordinate dimensions is .005, or .010 inches.

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

.755 (.750 + .005)

.745 (.750 - .005)

Return to the Previous Slide

GD&T Location Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

.755 (.750 + .005)

.745 (.750 - .005)