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Invertebrates

Rachel Reed & Erin Baxter

Importance

95-99% of all species


Pollination
Recycling
Food in many cultures
Food webs
Maintenance of ecological
communities

E.O. Wilson
If human beings were not so
impressed by size alone, they would
consider an ant more wonderful than
a rhinoceros.

Basics
Aquatic vs. Terrestrial
Arboreal, aerial

Anatomical Definitions
Hemolymph, exoskeleton, hydrostatic
skeleton

Reproductive terms
Dioecious, hermaphroditic,
parthenogenesis

Considerations in Aquatic
Care

Marine vs. Freshwater


Water quality
Substrate, plants
Light
Water circulation
Other species in aquaria
Diet

Considerations in Terrestrial
Care

Safe, sanitary, not crowded


Temperature considerations
Substrate, plants
Water availability & mode of delivery
Arboreal species?
Air circulation
Diet

Ctenophora Comb Jellies


Marine waters
Carnivorous Diet
Water requirements
dependent on
species
Most are
hermaphroditic
Water Flow patterns
are important

Phylogeny

Porifera Sponges
Primarily Marine;
sessile
Water requirements
dependent on species
Unique feeding
system; tiny pores;
water flow necessary
Reproduce by both
sexual and asexual
means

Phylogeny

Cnidaria

Anemones

Jellyfish

Radial symmetry,Hydrostatic
skeleton, Dimorphic
development
Can sting!
Coral

Anemones

Marine
Need excellent water condition
Most capture animal prey; zooanthellae
Variable but specific temperature
requirements dependent upon species
Asexual reproduction
Interspecific Aggression

Jellyfish

Marine
Water flow patterns
Predators have stingers!
Sexual reproduction
Lots of species variability

Coral
Marine
Water Quality Important!
Zooxanthellae; Most capture animal
prey
Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
Can exhibit contact inhibition and
interspecific aggression in the tank
Hermatypic vs Ahermatypic

Phylogeny

Echinoderms
Marine
Water quality important- toxicity
problems
Diet is largely dependent on species
Asexual & sexual reproduction
dependent on species
Water vascular system locomotion,
gripping, feeding

http://www.studentreader.com/files/purplestarfishonrocks.jp

Phylogeny

Sea Squirts
Sessile, marine
Environmental
management
based on species
Herbivorous diet
Sexual or Asexual
reproduction
90% of all
urochordates

http://www.lancashiremcs.org.uk/gallery/pics/seasquirt.jpg

Gastropods

Marine & freshwater


Sessile and mobile
Filter feeders
Tank Management
Substrate
Dioecious or hermaphroditic

http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/photos/SeagrassMol
luscs.jpeg

Cephalopods

Marine Aquatic
Varied diet
Active hunters
Tank Management
Dioecious

http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/images/olc/nautilusj.baecker
_berlin_zoo_aquarium_pd600.jpg

Phylogeny

Pogonophora &
Vestimentifera
Deep sea dwelling worms!
Often grouped together

www.ucmp.berkeley.edu

www.nsf.gov

Phylogeny

Annelids
Aquatic and terrestrial
Varied diet and feeding strategies
Environmental requirements
dependent upon species
Sexual reproduction; dioecious
Biomedical & ecological importance

http://www.education.umd.edu/blt/pic/Anneli
ds.jpg

Phylogeny

Rotifers
Most freshwater but some
marine and terrestrial
Omnivores
Water Management
Parthenogenic or dioecious

Phylogeny

Flatworms (Turbellarians)

Mostly Aquatic
Varied diet
Commensal and parasitic
Tank Management
Varied reproduction
http://www.dhadm.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/flatworm02.jpg

Nematodes

Aquatic & Marine


Varied diet
Mostly parasitic
Environment Management
Dieocious or parthenogenic

http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/concepts/soil_biology/images/large_tode
s_LR.jpg

Phylogeny

Tardigrades
Marine, freshwater
& terrestrial
Water bears
Cryptobiosis

http://www.uea.ac.uk/~b444219/images/TNWP_Echiniscus
%20madonnae%20(SEM).jpg

Phylogeny

Onychophora

Tropical, terrestrial
Velvet worms or walking worms
Prey on smaller arthropods

Phylogeny

Crustaceans

Terrestrial and Aquatic


Diet dependent on species
Tank Management
Dieocious
Economic importance

www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id=104965

Phylogeny

Insects

Predominantly terrestrial
Varied Diet
Environmental Management
Reproduction
Social Systems
Economical & Ecological
Importance

Phylogeny

Myriapods
Terrestrial
Diet dependent on species
Well defined environmental
requirements
Dieocious; some parthenogenic

Myriapods

Millipedes
Mostly herbivorous
Two pairs per body
segment
Non-aggressive;
slow
Easy to handle

http://www.garden-city.org/zoo/animalinfo/images/milipede_76pic.jpg

Centipedes
Mostly carnivorous
One pair of legs per body
segment
Aggressive; fast!
Extremely hard to
handle; venomous

http://cordially.narod.ru/album/insect/images/homecentipede.jpg

Millipedes
Substrate: 8-10cm of soil with
3-4cm of leaf litter on top
Temperature
Humidity
Diet: leaf litter, fruits & vegetables
Reproduction

Centipedes

Soil covered with leaf litter or mulch


Temperature
Humidity
Light
Diet: mix of live and dead invertebrates,
dead pinky mice, day old chicks, adult
mice, etc.
Reproduction

Phylogeny

Horseshoe Crabs

Marine, Aquatic
Captive diet
Various habitats
Dieocious
Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)
extracted from hemolymphPharmaceutical use

http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/33-28HorseshoeCrabs.jpg

Phylogeny

SPIDERS!

Arachnids

Scorpions
Terrestrial
Carnivorous
Environment:
mostly desert
Sexual reproduction

Spiders

Aquatic & terrestrial


Carnivores
Diverse Environments
Sexual Reproduction
Silk!

Terrestrial Spiders

Arboreal vs. Non-arboreal


Diet
Substrate
Temperature & humidity
Lighting

Aquatic Spiders

Natural environment
Diet
Water Quality
Underwater air bells

Silk

Made of Amino Acids


Very stable
Very Strong
Genetic Isolation
Production
Application

Resources
Lewbart, Gregory (ed.). 2006.
Invertebrate Medicine.Blackwell
Publishing, Ames, Iowa.
Frye, Fredric L. 1992. Captive
Invertebrates. Krieger
Publishing Company, Malabar,
Florida.
Pechenik, Jan A. 2000. Biology
of the Invertebrates. McGrawHill. [5th ed is 2005.]

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