Basic Harmonics Training

Basic Harmonics
Online WEB Training Module

Revision 002
Learning Objectives
In this training module we will learn the fundamentals of
Harmonics.
We will focus on:
The Ideal vs. Distorted Waveform.
Definition of Harmonics
Time Domain / Frequency Domain Analysis
Calculation of THiD
Harmonic Producing Loads
Standards and Recommendations
Harmonic Mitigation Techniques
Software Tools
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The Ideal Waveform

In public power distribution networks the ideal undistorted AC electrical signal has
a typical frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz depending on the country or region.
The Ideal Waveform

In public power distribution networks the ideal undistorted AC electrical signal has
a typical frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz depending on the country or region.
Due to the method of generation, the signal alternates between proportionally

equal, positive and negative values.
In reality however these signals contain many types of disturbances.
Power Disturbances
The power grid normally experiences
huge variations of load and reacts to
changes in the voltage waveform.
Causes of power disturbances range

from electrical switching circuits to
lightning.
Power Disturbances
Voltage
dip
Power
interruption
Voltage
rise

lightning.
Transien
t overvoltage
Harmonic
distortion
Commutation
dips/notches
Voltage
fluctuatio
n
Frequency
fluctuatio
n
Power Disturbances
Voltage
dip
Power
interruption
Voltage
rise

lightning.
Harmonic distortions are repetitive and
continuous deformations of the voltage
or current waveforms.
All distortions result in deviations from
the ideal sinusoidal waveform.
Transien
t overvoltage
Harmonic
distortion
Commutation
dips/notches
Voltage
fluctuatio
n
Frequency
fluctuatio
n
Learning Objectives

Time Domain / Frequency Domain
Analysis
Calculation of THiD
Software Tools
In a periodic signal the primary, desired frequency is the "Fundamental
Frequency.
Frequency.
A Harmonic refers to a component of a periodic signal, that is itself:
a periodic sinusoidal signal, with a frequency that is an integer multiple of
the fundamental frequency.
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Frequency.
Therefore in public power distribution networks:
The frequency of an nth Harmonic is:
50Hz
fn = n X
or
fn = n X
60Hz

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Frequency.
Therefore in public power distribution networks:
The frequency of an nth Harmonic is:
50Hz
Fundamental
Freq. 1st
2nd Harmonic
Harmonic
f2 = 100Hz
f1 = 50Hz
f2 = 120Hz
f1 = 60Hz
fn = n X
or
fn = n X
60Hz
3rd Harmonic
f3 = 150Hz
f3 = 180Hz
4th Harmonic
f4 = 200 Hz
f4 = 240 Hz

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The Study of Harmonics

Harmonics appear in many fields of science and in the natural
world.

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world.
In electrical systems harmonics are primarily caused by loads that draw

current repetitively but in a non-sinusoidal manner.
Harmonics are typically regarded as an undesired, costly and sometimes
dangerous bi-product of active electrical systems.

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world.
In electrical systems harmonics are primarily caused by loads that draw

current repetitively but in a non-sinusoidal manner.
Harmonics are typically regarded as an undesired, costly and sometimes
dangerous bi-product of active electrical systems.
We use a combination of Time Domain graphs, Frequency Domain graphs
and mathematics to determine the extent of the problem.
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Learning Objectives

Analysis
Calculation of THiD
Software Tools

16
Time Domain Graphs

In electrical engineering, "time domain" is a term used to describe the analysis
of electrical signals with respect to time.

17
Time Domain Graphs

In the graph below we have an example of an ideal un-distorted alternating
voltage or current signal. The values of the signal fluctuate between positive and
negative amplitudes over time.

18
Time Domain Graphs

In the graph below we have an example of an ideal un-distorted alternating
voltage or current signal. The values of the signal fluctuate between positive and
negative amplitudes over time.
As time progresses, the graphical representation clearly displays the variance

in amplitude.
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Frequency Domain Graphs

Frequency Domain graphs allow us to see the amplitudes of the frequencies
that make up a signal.

20

We use Fourier Series transforms to create Frequency Domain graphs.

21

We use Fourier Series transforms to create Frequency Domain graphs.
Time
Domain
Fourier Series
Transform
Frequency Domain

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Harmonics Illustrator Demonstration

We are now going to look at a short demonstration of transforming time
domain signals into the frequency domain using the:
Harmonic Illustrator

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Harmonics Orders
f1, f2, f3 etc. are referred to as Harmonic Orders.
Only loads such as half wave rectifiers drawing current with a DC

component generate even numbered Harmonic Orders.

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Harmonics Orders

Single Phase AC harmonic generating loads, generate odd numbered

harmonics.

25
Harmonics Orders

Single Phase AC harmonic gernerating loads, generate odd numbered

harmonics.
Ideal three phase AC harmonic generating loads, generally draw current equally
from each phase so the harmonic numbers divisible by 3 are cancelled.

26
Tools for Frequency Domain Analysis

The most common tools used in industry to display such graphs in
electrical engineering are Spectrum Analyzers.
Spectrum Analyzer
27

Modern oscilloscopes typically have a simple spectrum analyzer included
as standard.
Spectrum Analyzer
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as standard.
More sophisticated analyzers can measure a very wide range of frequencies that
can be useful in electronics and high frequency analysis of electrical disturbances.
Spectrum Analyzer
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as standard.
More sophisticated analyzers can measure a very wide range of frequencies that
can be useful in electronics and high frequency analysis of electrical disturbances.
Others can contain dedicated functions to measure electrical distortions such
as harmonics in three phase systems and can be called Power Quality
Analyzers.
Spectrum Analyzer
Power Quality
Analyzer
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Learning Objectives

Analysis
Calculation of THiD
Software Tools

31
Total Harmonic Current Distortion THiD

Fundamental Current refers to the current carried in the fundamental
frequency.
I(h1) (Example: f1 = 100
A)
Total harmonic current distortion refers to the ratio of all harmonic currents to
the fundamental current.

32
Total Harmonic Current Distortion THiD
TH iD
hmax
(h
)
I ( h1)
100%
2
61A
I76 A

100 A
100 A
102%
h2
26 A
100 A
13 A
100 A
6A
100 A
4A
100 A
100

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Other Measurements of Harmonic Distortion

RMS Current of the distorted signal.
Peak Values for Current and Voltage.
THvD Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion.
TDD Total Demanded Distortion relating to Maximum Load Current.
PWHD Partial Weighted Harmonic Distortion relating to specific harmonic ranges.

34
Learning Objectives

Analysis
Calculation of THiD
Software Tools

35

Harmonics are primarily caused by loads that draw current repetitively but in
a non-sinusoidal manner.

36

Examples of Harmonic Loads include:
Ballast / Fluorescent Lighting & Computer power supplies

Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS) & Variable Speed Drives
Charging circuits incorporating rectifiers
Arc Welders & 3 phase machines

37

Examples of Harmonic Loads include:
Ballast / Fluorescent Lighting & Computer power supplies

Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS) & Variable Speed Drives
Charging circuits incorporating rectifiers
Arc Welders & 3 phase machines
Examples of load current waveforms with harmonics.

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Current vs. Voltage Distortion

Current distortion relates to load
level
performance
I*Z=V

39

level
performance
I*Z=V
Voltage distortion relates to
system level performance.
Harmonic currents of the non-linear
load AND the system short-circuit
impedance are required to calculate
voltage distortion. It is NOT possible
to predict the voltage distortion
knowing only the load performance.

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level
performance
I*Z=V
Voltage distortion relates to
system level performance.
Harmonic currents of the non-linear
load AND the system short-circuit
impedance are required to calculate
voltage distortion. It is NOT possible
to predict the voltage distortion
knowing only the load performance.
Background voltage distortion is
also related to system level
performance. Same as secondary
transformer side voltage distortion.
Background distortion can be
caused by energy consumers far
away and is always present to some
extent (0.5 - 3%).
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Current Distortion
Problems caused by current distortion
Transformer overload and audible noise.
Tripping of serial relays and circuit breakers.
Stressing of Power Factor correction capacitors.
Premature aging of serially installed equipment.
Overheating of cables and insulation stress.
Overheating of transformers and insulation
stress.

42
Voltage Distortion
Problems caused by voltage distortion
Malfunction of electronic equipment
Breakdown of electronic equipment
Increased Electromagnetic Interference
(EMI)
Increased losses at direct online motors
Torque ripples from direct online motors
Erratic operation

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Learning Objectives

Analysis
Calculation of THiD
Software Tools

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The EMC directive

Working
area
10H
z
100H
z
Harmonic
disturbance
1
kHz
10
kHz
Conducted
interference
100
kHz
1
MHz
Radiated
interference
10
MHz
Conducted
emission EN55011
(0,15-30MHz)
Conducted RF CM EN610004-6 (0,1580MHz)
100
MHz
1
GHz
Electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC)
Harmonic Norms are a part of EMC group
of Norms in IEC 61xxx-x-x.
Radiated
emission
EN55011
(30
-1000MHz )
Radiated
EN61000-4-3
( 801000MHz)
Harmonic
distortion
EN61000-32/4/12
Low
frequency
EN61000-22/4
Emissions /
Immunity

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The EMC directive

Working
area
10H
z
100H
z
Harmonic
disturbance
1
kHz
10
kHz
Conducted
interference
100
kHz
1
MHz
Radiated
interference
10
MHz
Conducted
emission EN55011
(0,15-30MHz)
Conducted RF CM EN610004-6 (0,1580MHz)
100
MHz
1
GHz
Radiated
emission
EN55011
(30
-1000MHz )
Radiated
EN61000-4-3
( 801000MHz)
Harmonic
distortion
EN61000-32/4/12
Low
frequency
EN61000-22/4
Emissions /
Immunity
Electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC)
Harmonic Norms are a part of EMC group
of Norms in IEC 61xxx-x-x.
There are no sharp lines between the
different disturbance/interference
bands.
Amplitudes of harmonics are highest in
the lower frequency range.
We need to understand the entire
frequency range, as some mitigation
equipment tends to move the problem
from low frequencies to higher frequencies
Note: Only IEC norms is mentioned here! Others
are sometime to be fulfilled

46
Standards & Recommendations

At utility level
EN 50160 System Voltage
Requirements
M
M

47

At utility level
Requirements
At customer/system Level
IEEE519
G5/4 = EN61000-3-2/12 <= 400V
(THiD to 50th. Rsce or Isc depending, require
background harmonic survey, 15-30 min testing)
M
M

48

At utility level
Requirements
IEEE519
G5/4 = EN61000-3-2/12 <= 400V
EN61000-2-2 / 4 (THiD to 50th. Rsce dependent)
M
M

49

At utility level
Requirements
IEEE519
G5/4 = EN61000-3-2/12 <= 400V
EN61000-2-2 / 4 (THiD to 50th. Rsce dependent)
At product
Level EN61800-
M
M
Variable Speed
Drives
3 EN61000-3-2
<=16A
EN61000-3-12
16 to 75A
EN61000-3-4
16A < 2,5 min test
(THiD 40th, public network,
period, Rsce dependent)

50
Learning Objectives

Analysis
Calculation of THiD
Software Tools

51
Harmonic Mitigation Techniques for Drives

Passive:
Active:
DC-Inductors
AC-Inductors
Active filter & Low Harmonic

Drive
12-pulse
///
///
18-pulse
+20%
D
y
0%
-20%
Advanced
Harmonic
Filters
Active Front End with PWMrectifier

///

52
AC & DC Inductors
DC-Inductors are typically built-in
as standard.
Overlapping of magnetic fields in the
inductor reduces distortion.
AC-Inductors
Offers moderate mitigation

performance.
Great RMS current reduction.
Practical / Easy production.
Cost efficient.
DC-Inductors

53
12 & 18 Pulse Rectifiers

Well-known technology.
12-pulse
rectifier
The power coming into the rectifier

sections is phase shifted by a special
transformer to cause cancellation of
harmonics.
Offers fair mitigation
performance
Dependant on high load and grid stability
Optimal for step-down / step-up
solutions
Robust
18-pulse
rectifier
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12 & 18 Pulse Rectifiers

12p aims to reduce 5th & 7th harmonics,
and multiples.
12-pulse
rectifier
18p aims to reduce 5th, 7th, 11th &
13th harmonics, and multiples.
18-pulse
rectifier
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Passive Filters
Offers medium mitigation performance
Reduces all harmonics, not just low
orders
Passive Filter
(Also called Harmonic Trap
Filter)
Best cost of ownership in low

power installations
Specialized Danfoss Products designed
for Danfoss drives include:
Advanced Harmonic Filter AHF 010 - THiD 10%
Advanced Harmonic Filter AHF 005 - THiD 5%

56
Active Filters
Offers high performance mitigation
The filter cancels the distortion by sensing
it and inserting an equal signal with the
opposite phase.
Tolerant with load and grid imbalances
Expensive
Active
Filter
Customer / System level PCC installation

possible. Group compensation, power
factor correction and load balance
correction)
New Danfoss Products
include:
Active Filter AAF
Low Harmonic Drive - LHD

57
Active Front End
Utilizes Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) in

the rectifier section.
Offers highest mitigation performance
Tolerant with of load and grid imbalances
Good for regeneration of power
Very compact and light
Expensive
Active Front End - AFE

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Cost comparison
Active Front end
Cost
Active Filter / Low harmonic
Drive
18 Pulse
12 Pulse
Harm.
trap
5% THiD Passive
Filters
10% THiD Passive
Filters
DC+AC
Coils AC or DC
Coils
No Coils
P

59
Harmonic Mitigation Summary

Passive:
DC-Inductors
AC-inductors
d
D
y
12 & 18-pulse
Built-in as
Standard
Practical / Easy
Active
:
///
Sizable
High
mitigation
Retrofit-able
Compact
Easy to spec.
High mitigation
100% Regenerative
Efficient (sleep mode)
Active filter
Low cost
Robust
+20%
0%
///
-20%
Advanced
Harmonic Filters
Low cost
Robust
Efficient
PW M-rectifier
Active Front End

60
Other Mitigation Techniques

Oversize hardware components, still
abiding to regulations, and allow
harmonics to flow.
Oversize distribution transformers.
Oversize switchgear and distribution cabling to
reduce risk of insulation breakdown.
Use K-factor system transformers to
increase heat tolerance.

61

harmonics to flow.
Hardware for over-sizing is

expensive.
Harmonic energy is dissipated in the form
of heat which is also expensive.

62

harmonics to flow.
Hardware for over-sizing is

expensive.
Harmonic energy is dissipated in the form
of heat which is also expensive.
Harmonics can also be reduced by:
Balancing loads on phases.
Improving Displacement Power Factor
63
Learning Objectives

Analysis
Calculation of THiD
Software Tools

64
Calculation Software
The Danfoss freeware MCT31 calculates a

reasonable estimate of the harmonic
content within specified installation.
Advanced calculations require lots of inputs
to reach a reliable result not just on the low
voltage side but also at medium voltage
level.
1.
1
65

level.
Most calculation tools are only including
low voltage grid data (some with back
ground distortion) and are thus calculating
with an accuracy of 10 - 20%.
1.
1
66

level.
Other background distortion levels are
not included.
1.
1
67

level.
Other background distortion levels are
not included.
1.
1
More accuracy can be achieved when using the

Danfoss HCS software which requires
additional grid data.
HCS includes Pspice simulation from system
level medium voltage interaction to low
voltage.
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Summary
Harmonics are signals contained in distorted periodic
signals.

69
Summary
Harmonics are signals contained in distorted periodic signals.
Time Domain / Frequency Domain Graphs are required when analyzing
harmonic amplitudes.

70
Summary
Loads that draw non-sinusoidal currents produce harmonics.

71
Summary
Standards and Recommendations exist to advise to what level harmonics
are acceptable.

72
Summary
are acceptable.
Harmonic Mitigation Techniques are many and are dealt between passive
and active solutions.

73
Summary
are acceptable.
Harmonic Mitigation Techniques are many and are dealt between passive
and active solutions.
Software Tools such as MCT31 and HCS are available to simulate harmonics
to predict potential problems.

74

Basic Harmonics Training

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Basic Harmonics

Online WEB Training Module

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The Ideal Waveform

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The Ideal Waveform

Due to the method of generation, the signal alternates between proportionally

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Causes of power disturbances range

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Causes of power disturbances range

Causes of power disturbances range

The Ideal vs. Distorted Waveform.

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The Study of Harmonics

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The Study of Harmonics

In electrical systems harmonics are primarily caused by loads that draw

| C onfidential/Property of D anfoss D riv es A /S | Wednes day, 0 9 J anuary 2 013 |

The Study of Harmonics

In electrical systems harmonics are primarily caused by loads that draw

The Ideal vs. Distorted Waveform.

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Time Domain Graphs

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Time Domain Graphs

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Time Domain Graphs

As time progresses, the graphical representation clearly displays the variance

Frequency Domain Graphs

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Frequency Domain Graphs

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Frequency Domain Graphs

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Harmonics Illustrator Demonstration

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Only loads such as half wave rectifiers drawing current with a DC

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Only loads such as half wave rectifiers drawing current with a DC

Single Phase AC harmonic generating loads, generate odd numbered

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Only loads such as half wave rectifiers drawing current with a DC

Single Phase AC harmonic gernerating loads, generate odd numbered

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Tools for Frequency Domain Analysis

Tools for Frequency Domain Analysis

Tools for Frequency Domain Analysis

Tools for Frequency Domain Analysis

The Ideal vs. Distorted Waveform.

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Total Harmonic Current Distortion THiD

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Total Harmonic Current Distortion THiD

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Other Measurements of Harmonic Distortion

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The Ideal vs. Distorted Waveform.