possesses a spherical shape in which positive charge is uniformly distributed and. The electrons are embedded in it in such a manner as to give most stable electronic configuration.
RUTHERFORDS MODEL OF ATOM
Rutherford s gold foil experiment.
Observations and conclusions
1.
2.
3.
most of the space in an atom is empty as most
of the -particles passed through the foil undeflected A small fraction of -particles were deflected, the deflection must be due to repulsion showing positive charge is not spread all over. A very few -particles were bounced back i.e. were deflected by 180 degree. This must be the point of positive charge which Rutherford named nucleus radius of nucleus is 10 -15m.
Rutherfords Nuclear Model of Atom
The positive charge in an atom is
concentrated in very small portion of atom called nucleus. nucleus is surrounded by electrons that move around it in vey high speed in circular paths called orbits. Electrons and nucleus are held together by strong electrostatic force.
Drawbacks of Rutherfords model
Rutherfords model cannot explain stability of
atom. Because when charged particles move in an orbit they must emit radiation and thus the orbits will spiral up into nucleus which does not happen. Rutherfords model does not say anything about the electronic configuration of elements.
Atomic number and Mass
number
The number of protons in an atom gives
atomic number(Z). Hydrogen has one proton hence atomic no 1.
Mass number of an atom is determined
by the number of nucleons present in an atom(A).
Isotopes and Isobars
Isobars are atoms with same mass no.
but different atomic no. Such as 146C and 14 7N, Both have same mass 14.
Isotopes are atoms of same element
with same atomic no and different mass no. such as 11H(protium), 21H(deuterium) , 31H(tritium).
WAVE NATURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION
James Maxwell suggested that when charged
particles move under acceleration alternating electric and magnetic fields are produced and are transmitted in form of waves called Electromagnetic Radiations.
Plancks quantum theory
Black body radiations- the ideal body which
emits and absorbs energy of all frequencies, is called a black body. Radiations emitted by such a body are called black body radiations. Photoelectric effect- when certain metals like cesium, potassium were exposed to a beam of light they eject electrons. This phenomena is called photoelectric effect.
i.
Atomic spectra
When white light is passed through a prism it
splits into a series of color bands. There are two types of atomic spectraEmission spectra- it is observed when the radiations emitted from a substance that have absorbed energy are analyzed with a spectroscope.
ii Absorption spectra- when a continuous
electromagnetic radiation is allowed to passed through a gas or solution of some salts and transmitted light.
Orbitals and Quantum numbers
1.
To describe an electron in an atom we need
three set of numbers, and an additional no. which specifies the spin of an electron. Principal quantum no.- it determines the main energy shell in which the electron is present. It is denoted by n.
n shell
j.
o.
ii Azimuthal quantum no.- this quantum no.
determines the angular momentum of the electron. It is denoted by l and gives subshell in principal energy shell. l = 0,1,2,3,4(n-1). ex:- if n=4 ,then l= 0,1,2,3 l
` shell
s (sharp)
p (principal)
d (diffuse)
f (fundamental)
iii magnetic quantum no.- this quantum no.
describes behavior of electron in a magnetic field it is denoted by lm. It can have value l to l. there are 2l+1 values of m for each value of l. ex:- if l=2 then ml = -2,-1,0,1,2.
Value of l
Subshell notations
Number of orbitals
11
iv spin quantum no.- this quantum no. describes
the spin orientation of the electron. Electron can have two spin clockwise or anticlockwise so it can have only two values +1 or -1 . 2 2
Aufbaus principal
In ground state of an atom electron enters the
orbital of lowest energy subshell first and subsequent electrons are filled in order of increasing energy. The order in which shells are filled is given as:1s >2s >2p >3s >3p >4s >3d >4p >5s >4d >5p >6s >4f >5d >6p >7s >5f >6d >7p.
Pauli Exclusion Principal
Only two electrons may have the same orbital
and these electrons must have opposite spin. No two electrons In an atom can have same set of quantum no. The maximum no of electrons in a shell is 2n2
Hunds rule of maximum
multiplicity
Pairing of electrons in Orbitals belonging to
same subshell will not take place until each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron each.
Electronic configuration of atoms
The distribution of electrons in an atom is
called its electronic configuration.
SOME IMPORTANT formulae
Speed of light in vacuum is 3.00 108 m/s. and
is given by symbol c. The frequency(),
wavelength() and (c) are related as c = Wave no. is another important term in spectroscopy and is given by reciprocal of wavelength.