1:DefinitionofLaplaceTransform
Many practical engineering problems involve mechanical or
electrical systems acted upon by discontinuous or impulsive
forcing terms.
For such problems the methods described in Chapter 3 are
difficult to apply.
In this chapter we use the Laplace transform to convert a
problem for an unknown function f into a simpler problem
for F, solve for F, and then recover f from its transform F.
Given a known function K(s,t), an integral transform of a
function f is a relation of the form
F ( s ) K ( s, t ) f (t )dt ,
L f (t ) F ( s ) e st f (t )dt
0
Example 1
Consider the following improper integral.
e st dt
st b
e
e dt lim e dt lim
b 0
b s
b
st
st
1
lim e sb 1
s b
hold:
1
st
e
dt
, if s 0; and
0
s
e st dt diverges, if s 0.
Example 2
Consider the following improper integral.
st cos tdt
b 0
b
b
0
b
b
0
(3) lim f (t ) , k 1, , n
t t k 1
Example 3
Consider the following piecewise-defined function f.
t2,
0 t 1
f (t ) 3 t , 1 t 2
t 1 2 t 3
Example 4
Consider the following piecewise-defined function f.
t 2 1,
0 t 1
1
f (t ) 2 t , 1 t 2
4,
2t 3
Theorem 6.1.2
Suppose that f is a function for which the following hold:
(1) f is piecewise continuous on [0, b] for all b > 0.
(2) | f(t) | Keat when t M, for constants a, K, M, with K, M > 0.
L f (t ) F ( s ) e st f (t )dt finite
0
Example 5
Let f (t) = 1 for t 0. Then the Laplace transform F(s) of f
is:
L 1 e st dt
0
lim e st dt
b 0
lim
b
st b
1
, s0
s
Example 6
Let f (t) = eat for t 0. Then the Laplace transform F(s) of f is:
L e
at
e st e at dt
b
lim e ( s a ) t dt
b 0
( s a )t b
e
b s a
lim
1
, sa
sa
Example 7
Let f (t) = sin(at) for t 0. Using integration by parts twice,
the Laplace transform F(s) of f is found as follows:
F ( s ) L sin( at ) e
0
st
st
s b st
cos at ) / a e cos at
0
a 0
lim (e
b
b
1 s
lim e st cos at
a a b 0
b
1 s
s b st
st
1 s2
a
2 F ( s) F (s) 2
, s0
2
a a
s a
with
st
L c1 f (t ) c2 g (t ) c1 e f (t )dt c2 e st g (t )dt
0
c1 L f (t ) c2 L g (t )
Example 8
Let f (t) = 5e-2t - 3sin(4t) for t 0.
Then by linearity of the Laplace transform, and using results
of previous examples, the Laplace transform F(s) of f is:
F ( s ) L{ f (t )}
L 5e 2t 3 sin(4t )
5L e 2t 3L sin( 4t )
5
12
2
, s0
s 2 s 16