1. Magnetic Fields
2. Magnetic Circuits
3. Inductance and
Mutual Inductance
4. Magnetic Materials
5. Ideal Transformers
6. Real Transformers
Chapter 15: Magnetic
Circuits
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic fields can be
visualized as lines of flux that
form closed paths.
Using a compass, we can
determine the direction of the
flux lines at any point.
Note that the flux density
vector B is tangent to the lines
of flux.
Current that flows through a conductor are electron charges in motion so the force acting
on the wire with current in the magnetic field is
and in the straight wire of the length l crossing the field under angle
d
e
dt
is
N N BdA
A
BA
so according to Faradays law the voltage induced in the coil is
d
dx
e
Bl
Blu
dt
dt
where
dx
u
dt
Ampres Law
Ampres law (generalization of Kirchhoff's law) states that the line integral of
magnetic field intensity H around a closed path is equal to the sum of the
currents flowing through the surface bounded by the path.
H dl i
where magnetic field intensity H is related to flux density B and magnetic
permeability
B A
H
m
since
H dl H dl cos
H l i
Ampres Law
The magnetic field around a long straight wire carrying a current can be
determined with Ampres law aided by considerations of symmetry.
H l H 2r I
So the magnetic flux density
I
B H
2r
(*)
H l H 2R NI
Using (*) we get inside the toroidal coil:
NI
B
2R
F Ni
l
R
A
F R
Magnetic Circuits
The magnetic circuit for the toroidal coil can be
analyzed to obtain an expression for flux.
Magnetomotive force is
F NI R
Where the reluctance is
l
2R
2R
R
2
2
A r
r
so
2R
NI 2
r
2R
NI 2
r
NIr 2
so
2R
Magnetic Circuits
Example 15.5.
Magnetic circuit below relative permeability of the core material is 6000 its
rectangular cross section is 2 cm by 3 cm. The coil has 500 turns. Find the current
needed to establish a flux density in the gap of Bgap=0.25 T.
Magnetic Circuits
Example 15.5.
Magnetic circuit below relative permeability of the core material is 6000 its
rectangular cross section is 2 cm by 3 cm. The coil has 500 turns. Find the current
needed to establish a flux density in the gap of Bgap=0.25 T.
Medium length of the magnetic path in the core is lcore=4*6-0.5=23.5cm, and
the cross section area is Acore= 2cm*3cm = 6*10-4 m2
the core permeability is
core r 0 6000 4 10
Wb
7.54 10
Am
3
Magnetic Circuits
Example 15.5.
The core reluctance is
R core
lcore
23.5 102
A
4
5
.
195
10
Wb
core Acore 7.54 103 6 104
the gap area is computed by adding the gap length to each dimension of cross-section:
R gap
lgap
0.5 102
A
6
4
.
547
10
Wb
0 Agap 4 107 8.75 104
Magnetic Circuits
Example 15.5.
Total reluctance is
A
Wb
F 1006
i
2.012 A
N
500
N N 2
L
i
i
R
since
Ni
R
d d ( Li )
di
e
L
dt
dt
dt
When two coils are wound on the same core we get from the Faraday law:
d1
di1
di2
e1
L1
M
dt
dt
dt
d
di
di
e2 2 M 1 L1 2
dt
dt
dt
Magnetic Materials
In general, relationship between B and H in magnetic
materials is nonlinear.
Magnetic fields of atoms in small domains are aligned
(Fig. 15.18 b).
Field directions are random for various domains, so
the external magnetic field is zero.
When H is increased the magnetic fields tend to align
with the applied field.
Magnetic Materials
Domains tend to maintain their alignment even if the
applied field is reduced to zero.
For very large applied field all the domains are aligned
with the field and the slope of B-H curve approaches 0.
When H is reduced to 0 from point 3 on the curve, a
residual flux density B remains in the core.
When H is increased in the reverse direction B is
reduced to 0.
Hysteresis result from ac current
Energy Consideration
Energy delivered to the coil is the integral of the power:
d
W vi dt N
i dt Ni d
0
0
0
dt
Ni Hl and d AdB
t
Since
where l is the mean path length and A is the cross-section area, we get
B
W AlH dB
0
And since Al is the volume of the core, the per unit volume energy
B
delivered to the coil is
W
Wv
H dB
0
Al
Energy Loss
Energy lost in the core (converted to heat) during ac operation per
cycle is proportional to the area of hysteresis loop.
To minimize this energy loss use materials with thin hysteresis
But for permanent magnet we need to use materials with thicj
hysteresis and large residual field.
Energy is also lost due to eddy currents in the core material
This can be minimized with isolated sheets of metal or powdered
iron cores with insulating binder to interrupt the current flow.
Ideal Transformers
A transformer consists of several coils wound on a common core.
N1v2 (t ) N 2 v1 (t ) 0
N1i1 (t ) N 2i2 (t ) 0
v2 ( t )
N2
v1 (t )
N1
i2 (t )
N1
i1 (t )
N2
Ideal Transformers
A transformer consists of several coils wound on a common core.
v2 ( t )
N2
v1 (t )
N1
N1
i2 (t )
i1 (t )
N2
p2 (t )
p2 (t ) v2 (t )i2 (t )
N2
N
v1 (t ) 1 i1 (t ) v1 (t )i1 (t )
N1
N2
p2 (t ) p1 (t )
Ideal Transformers
Impedance transformation.
Using
V2
ZL
I2
and
V2
N2
V1
N1
I2
N1
I1
N2
V1 N1
'
Z L
Z L
I1 N 2
Ideal Transformers
Consider the circuit with ideal transformer and find phasor currents and
voltages, input impedance, as well as power delivered to the load.
2
The input impedance is
Z L'
So the input current is
V1 N1
Z L 100 * (10 j 20) 1000 j 2000
I1 N 2
Vs
10000o
I1
0.3536 45o
Z s 2000 j 2000
The input voltage is
Ideal Transformers
Power delivered to the load is the same as the input power
V1 I1*
0.5 Re 790.618.43 * 0.3536 45o
P2 P1 Re
2
P2 0.5 Re 279.5 63.43o 62.51 W
Or directly
V1 I1*
P2 Re
2
I1Z L' I1*
Re
2
I1
Re Z L'
2
0.06251 *1000
62.51 W .
Real Transformers
Figure 15.28 The equivalent circuit of a real transformer.