PTL

S Parameter
S Parameters are used to
characterized two port network at
High Frequency rather than (Z,Y,H).
S parameter are defined in term of
travelling wave, which are natural
variable to be used in a TL
environment.

Travelling waves and S

parameter
Consider a two port network:

For Linear two port network, incident and reflected

wave can be expressed in matrix form as:

Scattering matrix

Important Points
Treat each wave travelling toward
each port as incident wave.
A travelling wave (incident or
reflected) has both voltage and
current component.

 Voltage and current component of

travelling wave

 To obtain the scattering parameter

we use variables a and b. Which is
defined as

 In terms of wave variables, we can write

Power Flow is

a and b are called power variabl

These wave variables are w.r.t input

plane, So to find the wave variable in
other plane, they are multiplied by the
phase factors.

Definition of S parameter
S11:
When the output is matched i.e a2=0.
S22:
When the input is matched i.e a1=0.
S21:
When the output is matched i.e a2=0.

S12:
When the input is matched i.e a1=0.

 Similarly for three port network, we

can have

Two port network with power

variables:

Definition
S11 is the input reflection coefficient
(i.e. ) when the output is matched.
S22 is the output reflection
coefficient (i.e. ) when the input is
matched.
S21 is the forward transfer (or
transmission) coefficient with the
output matched.
S12 is the reverse transfer (or
transmission) coefficient with the

Shifting of Reference Plane

Consider a plane AA is shifted to AA by l1
distance.
a1 and b1 represents inward and outward
travelling waves
Similarly
Consider a plane BB is shifted to BB by l2
distance.
a2 and b2 represents inward and outward
travelling waves

Example
Calculate the scattering parameters of the two
port network, normalized to Zo, also assumed
that the two-port networks are connected at
both the input and output to transmission lines
of characteristic impedance Zo.

SOl
Since input and output are connected
to Zo, So no reflection S11=S22=0.
Phase change due to the propagation
delay through the 0.6, length of
transmission line is 1.2 radians.
The scattering matrix

Example
Calculate the scattering parameters of the two
port network, normalized to Zo, also assumed
that the two-port networks are connected at both
the input and output to transmission lines of
characteristic impedance Zo.

SOl
We can redraw the same circuit as

(a) Embedded into two transmission lines of

characteristic impedance Zo.
(b)Evaluating the scattering parameters of the
central part

Sol
So, first we calculate the scattering parameters of just
the section containing the resistor Zo, redrawn as a
line of zero length.
S11:

Zin, is given by the resistance, Zo, in parallel with the

load Impedance Zo, i.e. Zin = Zo/2.

S11 =

Sol
S21 or Sf : To evaluate Sf, an incident wave ei1 is
launched and total voltage that present at A-A is
evaluated.
This total voltage is thus: ei1 + er1

Now, Looking at A-A from the output side, total voltage

at A-A is also equal to ei2 + er2
Since ei2 = 0, there being a matched load on the
output side, which means
S21=

Sol
Since the network is symmetrical from input to output,
So S11 and S21 are identical to S11 and S12.
The scattering parameters of the zero length section is

To get the scattering parameters of the full circuit, we

can add the appropriate phase factors.
Phase shift introduced by 3/8 line is 135
Phase shift introduced by /4 line is 90
scattering parameters of the complete two-port
network is

Transmission Parameter
(ABCD)
Scattering parameters do not always present the
simplest way of dealing with certain problems, we
use other parameters like ABCD parameters.
The transmission parameters are most useful
when two-port networks are cascaded.
Multiplying the matrices of the individual two-port
networks (in the correct order) simply gives the
transmission matrix for the combination.

Cascade network

ABCD of Lossless TL
Derive the ABCD-parameters of a lossless
transmission line of length l?
The voltages and currents at any point z on a
transmission line are given by

 When the output open-circuited

When the output short-circuited

Two port network is reciprocal and symmetrical, so

A=D and AD - BC=1

 Using these two properties, we get

So the complete ABCD matrix of a two port

network (lossless TL) is

We can also convert the ABCD parameter to

find S parameter and vice versa.

ABCD of Lossy TL

ABCD to S

Microstrip Transmission Line

A microstrip transmission line may be seen as a logical
transformation in stages from the familiar coaxial line as
is seen in Figure

Microstrip :
Strip is separated from the ground plane by dielectric substrate
The complete transmission line structure is no longer
homogeneous

Coaxial line
Consider a Coaxial line
Charge on the center conductor, q per unit length
Leading to the electric flux density, Dr
Electric field strength Er
Potential difference between the conductors due to
the charge leads to the capacitance per unit length

Where, a and b are inner and outer radii.

.(1)

Coaxial line
In circuit and component design, the characteristic
impedance, Zo, and the propagation coefficient, Y,
are required. For lossless line

Let Cd and Co be capacitances of the transmission line

configuration with and without the dielectric filling, for
homogeneously filled transmission line
The inductance per unit length for any transmission line
is independent of the dielectric properties of the line.
Now the characteristic impedance, Zo,
(After substitution from eq(1))

Example

Sol

Stripline
A thin conducting strip of width W is centered between two
wide conducting ground planes, and the region between the
ground planes is filled with a dielectric material.

Striplines are usually constructed by etching the center

conductor on a grounded dielectric substrate of thickness
b/2 and then covering with another grounded substrate.

Stripline
Supports a TEM wave propagation.

Synthesis/Analysis?
Synthesis:
Electrical Parameters (Zo, r,h)
Physical parameters(W/h, b etc)
Analysis:
Physical parameters(W,h etc)
Electrical Parameters (Zo, r)

Analysis of Stripline

(t=0)

Given Parameters:

Width of the centre strip (w)

Permittivity of the substrate(r)
Height of the substrate(b)
Assume thickness of the centre strip to
zero(t=0)

Determine:
Characteristic Impedance (Zo)

Analysis of Stripline

(t=0)

Characteristic Impedance[17:Cohn SB]:

(Where K(k) is the

complete elliptic integral)

An accurate and simple expression of the ratio

K/K is given by [21: Hilberg W]

Analysis of Stripline
HOWES APPROXIMATE FORMULAS

(t=0)

COLLINS APPROXIMATION FORMULAS

COLLINS APPROXIMATION
FORMULAS

COLLINS Conductor Loss

Example
Find the characteristic impedance of a
stripline having following dimensions:
w= 6 mm
b=20 mm
r=2.32
t=0
Compare the two formulae.

Sol
Step1: First calculate k,
k=0.439199
Step2: Select the correct expression for K/K
Step3: Calculate K/K and
K/K=0.72835
K/K=1.372
Step4: Calculate Zo
Zo=84.89 ohms (can be compared with TXLine)

Analysis of Stripline
Characteristic Impedance (t0)
[19:Wheeler HA]:

(t0)

Stripline: Plot of Zo

strip thickness(t) vs Zo

Stripline Synthesis
Given Parameters:
Characteristic Impedance (Zo)

Permittivity of the substrate(r)

Height of the substrate(b)
Assume thickness of the centre strip to
zero(t=0)

Determine:
Width of the centre strip to thickness
ratio(w/b)

Stripline Synthesis Formula

For t=0

Stripline Synthesis
Formula(t=0)
HOWES APPROXIMATE FORMULAS

Repeat Same Example

again
Find the characteristic impedance of a stripline having following
dimensions:
w= 6 mm
b=20 mm
r=2.32
t=0
Ans: Zo=84.49 Ohms

Now do the synthesis of the same and find width(w).

Given:
Zo =84.49 Ohm
b=20 mm
r=2.32
t=0
Determine:
W?

Sol
Step1
Calculate x
x=1.371

Step2
Calculate k
K=sqrt(0.196)=0.442

Step3
Calculate w/b=0.3027

Step4
W=6.055mm

Synthesis of Stripline

(t0)

Width(w) of a stripline (t0)[19:Wheeler

HA]:

In case of a stripline

Dielectric Loss is given by:

Attenuation Loss is given by: