Ph.D
Definition
Inflammation - is the reaction of tissue
and
its microcirculation to a pathogenic
insult,
aimed to localize and remove the
altered
cells & harmful factor followed by
2
Biological significance of
inflammation
to eliminate the pathogenic agent,
to remove injured tissues components,
to repair the tissue.
Etiology
Infections factors (toxins)
Trauma (blunt and penetrating)
Physical and chemical agents
(burns or frostbite; irradiation;
chemicals)
Tissue necrosis (from any cause)
Foreign bodies (splinters, dirt,
sutures)
Immune reactions
( hypersensitivity)
Spread of Inflammation
Local inflammation is limited to
circumscribed area of tissue in
the vicinity of its port of entry.
Metastatic inflammation transmission of the
inflammatory pathogens into
other organs and tissues.
Generalized inflammation pathogen spreads diffusely
throughout the entire body.
Pathogenesis
The stages of inflammation
Vascular stage (vasodilatation,
increasing of vascular permeability,
expression of vascular receptors)
Vascular stage
Cellular stage
Cellular phase
The acute inflammatory response begins with direct
injury (alteration) or stimulation of cellular or structural
components of a tissue, including:
Endothelium
Tissue macrophages and mast cells
Neutrophils
Platelets
Mesenchymal cells (e.g., fibroblasts)
Parenchymal cells
I.
Alteration
Secondary alteration
Primary
alteration
IL 1- IL33
Humoral mediators
(Clotting factor)
exudate
(anaphylotoxins)
Vascular phase
The vascular changes in inflammation
involve the:
arterioles,
capillaries,
venules of microcirculatory bed.
These changes begin almost immediately after
injury and are characterized by vasodilation and
changes in blood flow followed by increased
vascular permeability and leakage of protein-rich
fluid (exudate) to extravascular tissues.
. Earlier (transiently)
type of permeability.
Permeability measuring
B. Immediately (longer)
type of permeability
C. Delayed type of
permebility.
1/2
3
time, hours
Transudate
Exudate
Serous
Fibrinous
Purulent
Suppurative
Serosagnuineous
Transudate
is edema fluid with low protein
content (specific gravity < 1.015, <
0.03 mg/ml
Exudate
is edema fluid with a high protein
concentration (specific gravity > 1.015),
which frequently contains inflammatory
cells.
Exudates are observed early in acute
inflammatory reactions and are produced by
mild injuries, such as sunburn or traumatic
blisters.
Types of exudate
Type
Serum
Proteins
Cells
Serous
albumins
Fibrous
albumins, fibrin
Purulent
albumins, fibrin
leukocytes, cells
debris
Sero -sangvinous
albumins, fibrin
leukocytes,
erythrocytes
1.marinating,
2.rolling,
3.adhesion to endothelium.
through vascular wall:
Phagocytosis
is responsible for eliminating the injurious agents
(the major benefits derived from the accumulation of
leukocytes at the inflammatory focus).
leukocyte
20
leukocyte
capillary
bacteria
24
Bacteria digestion
bacteria
leukocyte
lysosomes
phagolysosomne
26
macrophage
- tGF
FGF
fibroblast
proliferation
TGF
- TNF
capillaries
angiogenesis
41
Tissue recovery