Industrias

Qumicas
Prof.: Cristin Cancino

Objetivos
Entender la relacin entre industria qumica y

sociedad
Entender, identificar y analizar los aspectos e

impactos ambientales de la industria de

procesos
Entender procesos productivos asociados al pas
Ser capaces de evaluar y comprender una

industria qumica cualquiera, e identificar sus

aspectos/impactos ambientales; as tambin sus
procesos

Contenidos del Curso

Mercado Qumico y Aspectos e

Impactos Ambientales de la Industria

Qumica
Recursos Hdrico y sus procesos
Industrias Mineras: Metlicas y Nometlicas
Industria de los Combustibles
Industrias Alimenticias
Otras Industrias
Industrias
sern complementada con

revisiones de operaciones unitarias

crticas y revisin de accidentes

Reglas del Curso

Dos pruebas sobre contenido de las

presentaciones.
Pruebas cortas de lectura.
Proyecto de investigacin y desarrollo de una

industria/proceso.
Participacin

It is a Chemical World!
Life is based on the existence of a very large
number of chemical and biochemical reactions
that take place continously.

Photosynthesis:
CO2 + H2O + (sunlight) (CH2O)n + O2
Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 673 Kcal

A Chemical Engineer is a person who:

1. develops or designs a new process or
2. re-designs, improves, or troubleshoots a

process, in order to make or do

something as economically, safely, and
efficiently as possible.

A process is any operation (or group of operations) which

allow something to be accomplished.
A chemical engineering process is a process that takes one
material or bit of energy (or a combination) and makes
from it another material or bit of energy
(or combination).

(Natural
Resources)

Important responsibility in utilizing

scarce natural resources:
Maintaining a clean environment

water, earth)

(air,

Providing for enough, clean energy (fossil fuels, wind,

sun, hydraulic, geothermal, biomass, atomic, fuel

cells...)

Providing for enough, healthy food (animals,

vegetables)

Avoiding depletion of essential elements (C,N, O, P,

K...) and minerals.

Where do the chemical engineers work?

45% do ``traditional'' ChE: chemical,
petroleum, plastic, paper, consumer goods
35% do ``new'' ChE: environment, consulting,
microelectronics, biotechnology, materials
10% go to ChE graduate school
10% go to other graduate school (law,
medicine, business)

process

other

oil

education
consultants

contract
water
pharmaceutical
food

power

chemicals

Extent of the
chemical process
industries

Code of Ethics is based on:

upholding and advancing the integrity, honor and
dignity of the engineering profession by:
being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity
employers, clients, and the public;
striving to increase the competence and prestige
of the engineering profession;
using knowledge and skill for the enhancement
of human welfare.

Chemical Engineering Curriculum

ntro. fundamentals
Humanities
Economics

Engineering/Science Core

Industria Qumica Mundial

La industria qumica es una de las ms

grandes y diversificadas en el mundo.

Valor de productos qumicos vendidos el 2003

en el mundo, fue de unos US$ 1.2 trillones.

Consiste de cientos de segmentos con unos

70.000 lneas diferentes de productos

manufacturados. Por ms de 1.000
compaas grandes y medianas.
Se caracteriza por la existencia de mini

industrias de variados tamaos.

Chart 1.1: Geographic breakdown of

world chemicals sales

Chart 1.2 World chemicals sales by

region:
1997 versus 2007

Chart 1.12: 30 Top chemicals companies

in the world

Chart 1.14: Public image of the EU

chemicals industry

Eras de la Industria Qumica

Production trend: Last update (April

2009)

Overall capacity utilization dropped

to 70-75percent,

A. Chemical industry characteristics

Highly heterogeneous product range
Innovation and R&D important
Capital intensive
Concentrated market structure
Heavily dependent on energy consumption
Intermediate products - the chemical industry itself consumes
almost a quarter of its own output.

28

C. Challenges to EU chemical industry

Major challenges come from:

Globalization - The rise of Asian firms

Increasing prices of raw materials

EU Regulation

Macroeconomic environment (FX)

29

C. Challenges: Globalization
Chemical industry trends around the world highly
correlated
Nevertheless, the emergence of China is clear ...
Chem ical firm s around the World, 1996-2005
Sales growth, weighted (%)
40
China

EU-15 Chem ical Industry, 1995-2004

Sales growth, weighted (%)
40

30

Listed firms

30

Private firms

20

20
USA

10

10
Japan

0
1995

1998

2001

2004

0
1996

-10

1999

2002

2005

-10

30

C. Challenges: Regulation
Biotechnology
The EU is lagging behind other developed countries due
to lower R&D investments and more restrictive
regulation.
OECD studies in chemical industry have shown that
applications of biotechnology reduce firms operating
costs and environmental footprint.
Even though biotechnology is a small part of the chemical
industry (<10%), it is growing fast and can foster
innovation spillover to the rest of the chemical industry.
31

C. Challenges: Regulation

(cont.)

Environment & Safety

Kyoto Treaty commitments/targets
The EU has committed itself to the Kyoto targets, even if
the other major countries do not ratify the treaty. In terms
of sectoral emission projections, the EU chemical industry
has to be the champion in the emission reductions.

REACH regulation on safety standards

Unclear effect: It imposes a one-off, but substantial, cost
(especially to SMEs) of registering with the European
Chemical Agency. At the same time, it positions the EU as
the Green Normative Power in international relations.
32

D. Strategies for EU chemical industry

Increase corporate visibility

PR campaigns on environmental concerns

Actively promote Green Chemistry

Presence of a continuous voice, rather than having one-off efforts or

country-specific efforts (e.g. Chemical Leadership Group in UK). For instance, CEFICs
call for a Chemical Advisory Group for Europe has not taken off.

Production of consumer chemicals as a marketing device

By-product would be the attraction of graduate talent

33

D. Strategies for EU chemical industry

Regulation as an opportunity

EU is becoming the environmental standard-setter in

the chemical industry for the developed world

EU chemical firms should have the first-mover

advantage for new products that conform to the

higher regulatory standards
(e.g. environmental regulation in US and EU for catalysts in heavy duty
diesel vehicles.)
34

D. Strategies for EU chemical industry

Focus more on patent protection

Legislative & enforcement inertia allow market entry of

generic substitutes.

Implement patent protection strategies at the global

level through uniformity in regulation.

Utilize defensive strategies to protect sensitive

innovations and sustain product revenues in the face of

generic threats.
35

D. Strategies for EU chemical industry

Monitoring of REACH implementation

Pre-implementation studies were inconclusive

Now the regulators should focus on monitoring

costs to see who was right

Ensure willingness of policy-makers to make

adjustments in the face of worrying trends.

36

D. Strategies for EU chemical industry

Expand to sectors with higher profit margin

White Biotechnology

The use of enzymes and microorganisms for the production of chemicals,

materials and fuels from renewable resources.

Plant (Green) Biotechnology

Increased functionality of plants.

Energy management

New technologies to transform, save, or store energy.

37

Long term outlook for the European chemical

industry
Challenges

Access to international
markets
Negative

Energy policy taking into

account the needs of EII

Positive

New competitors,
eg Asia and China

Regulatory burden and

uncertainty

Innovation capacity

Macro economic
climate

New challenges in the

area of climate change,
energy, health

Strong internal
market

Energy cost

Rising demand

Industria Qumica en Chile

REPRESENTATIVIDAD
110 miembros (fabricantes, importadores, prestadores
de servicios)
Ms del 85% del negocio qumico en Chile

ORGANIZACION
Directorio y su Presidente
Comisiones y Comits Permanentes
Administracin

PERFIL SEGN ACTIVIDAD PRINCIPAL

productor
69%

prestador de
servicios
14%

Nmero Total de Asociados: 110

representante
/ distribuidor
17%

PERFIL SEGN ORIGEN

SECTOR QUMICO EN LA ECONOMA

Ventas:

MMUS$ 4.500 (aprox.)

PIB:

7% del total

Exportaciones:
Mercados
Externos:

Empleo Directo:

MMUS$ 1.740
(8.9% del total de Chile)
Amrica Latina (36.9%)
Estados Unidos (23.8%)
Europa
(21.4%)
Asia
(13.9%)

15.000 personas

Empleo Indirecto: 30.000 personas

Conducta Responsable (Responsible Care):

" Es el compromiso voluntario por el cual las empresas qumicas se obligan a realizar un
esfuerzo permanente para obtener un mejoramiento continuo en los procesos de
produccin, manejo, distribucin, uso y disposicin de los productos qumicos, con el fin
de eliminar, o en su defecto minimizar, todo dao que pudiera afectar a las personas o al
medio ambiente "
Antecedentes:
Naci en Canad en 1986 (CCPA)
Presente en 52 pases
Adoptado en Chile por ASIQUIM en 1994

PRINCIPIOS DE CONDUCTA RESPONSABLE

Atender las preocupaciones de la comunidad
Fabricar productos seguros
Priorizar salud, seguridad y proteccin ambiental
Informar potenciales peligros
Mantener una operacin segura
Apoyar la investigacin
Resolver los problemas del pasado
Ayudar a establecer normas responsables
Promover la prctica de Conducta Responsable

Conducta Responsable

VIEJA TICA vs NUEVA TICA Cmo Operar

VIEJA TICA

NUEVA TICA

Cumplir lo mnimo exigido por la ley

Hacer lo correcto

Bajar el perfil

Ser visto para hacer lo correcto

Limitarse a las obligaciones del producto

Preocuparse del ciclo de vida del producto

Minimizar las preocupaciones pblicas

Identificar y responder las preocupaciones

pblicas

Suponer "inocencia del producto"

Usar principio preventivo basado en anlisis de

riesgo

Informar los riesgos slo si es necesario

Derecho del pblico y los empleados a conocer

todos los riesgos

Defenderse de las nuevas regulaciones

Liderar el proceso de poltica pblica en la

generacin de normas

Trabajar aisladamente

Ayuda mutua y presin de los pares

Ignorar o enfrentar a las ONGs

Buscar el input de las ONGs

Tener un estndar mnimo y guiar las

decisiones sobre la base de las leyes

Integrar todo lo anterior en la toma de decisiones

CONDUCTA RESPONSABLE: CDIGOS DE PRCTICAS

Seguridad en los Procesos Productivos
Salud y Seguridad del Personal
Distribucin y Transporte
Informacin a la Comunidad y su Respuesta ante Emergencias
Prevencin de la Contaminacin
Seguimiento del Producto hasta su Disposicin Final
Seguridad Patrimonial

ENFOQUE ESTRATGICO PARA LA GESTIN DE P. Q. (SAICM)

Consideramos que las discusiones en SAICM proveen una oportunidad para promover:

Armonizacin en la gestin basada en conocimiento cientfico.

Iniciativas voluntarias de la industria (ej.: Responsible Care).
Compartir mejores prcticas a travs de la cadena del producto.
Coordinacin mundial (regulaciones consistentes).

Desafos:
No contaminar SAICM con los principios de REACH (proyecto de la Unin Europea)
que se basa en peligrosidad en lugar de riesgo.
No poner en riesgo la innovacin, el comercio y la inversin al centrarse en
eliminacin y sustitucin (enfoque REACH).
Considerar a todos los afectados (ej. Industria manufacturera).
Considerar el impacto econmico (costo beneficio).

SISTEMA GLOBAL ARMONIZADO (GHS)

Excelente modelo tendiente a la minimizacin de riesgos, mediante:
Clasificacin y etiquetado de productos qumicos industriales.
Comunicacin de riesgos.
Ventajas:

Esfuerzo mundial homologado y participativo.

Basado en conocimiento cientfico.
Abundante esfuerzo de formacin de capacidades (ej. en el marco APEC).
Centrado en anlisis de riesgo.

SISTEMA GLOBAL ARMONIZADO (GHS)

Compromisos:
Chile se ha comprometido a implementar el GHS hacia el ao 2008.
APEC ha sugerido plazos an menores.
Los avances locales son muy incipientes.
Oportunidades:
Sistematizacin de clasificacin y rotulacin nica a lo largo de la cadena (internacin,
transporte, almacenamiento).
Apoyo de APEC, UNITAR y otros organismos internacionales.
Instancia para neutralizar iniciativas unilaterales (ej. REACH).
Reduce costos de transaccin.
Precauciones:
Aplicar en vez de (y donde no existe) no adems de.
Se requiere gradualidad.