1. PURPOSE
PURPOSE
The purpose of API 580 is to provide users with
the basic elements for developing and
implementing a risk-based inspection (RBI)
program.
1. PURPOSE
Individual sections of this document describe the steps in
applying these principles within the framework of the RBI
process:
1. PURPOSE
The RBI process is capable of generating:
a) A Risk Ranking of all Equipment evaluated.
b) A detailed description of the inspection plan to be
employed for each equipment item, including:
1. Inspection method that should be used (e.g. visual,
UT, Radiography, WFMT).
2. Extent of application of the inspection method (e.g.
percent of total area examined or specific locations).
3. Timing of inspections / examinations.
4. Risk management achieved through implementation
of the inspection plan.
1. PURPOSE
The RBI process is capable of generating:
C)A description of any other risk mitigation
activities such as repairs, replacements or
safety equipment upgrades.
1. PURPOSE
1. PURPOSE
RBI Benefits and Limitations:
RBI plans address ways to manage risks on an equipment
level.
Equipment plans highlight risks from a Safety, Health,
Environment and or from an economic perspective.
Cost-effective actions for risk mitigation
Implementation of these plans provides one of the following:
a) An overall reduction in risk for the facilities and equipment
assessed.
b) An acceptance/understanding of the current risk.
1. PURPOSE
RBI is based on sound, proven risk assessment and
management principles. However, RBI will not compensate
for:
a) Inaccurate or missing information.
b) Inadequate designs or faulty equipment installation.
c) Operating outside the acceptable design envelope.
d) Not effectively executing the plans.
e) Lack of qualified personnel or teamwork.
f) Lack of sound engineering or operational judgment.
10
1. PURPOSE
Using RBI as a Continuous Improvement Tool
RBI provides a vehicle for continuously improving the
inspection of facilities and systematically reducing the risk
associated with pressure boundary failures.
RBI offers the added advantage of identifying gaps in the
effectiveness of available inspection technologies and
applications.
RBI should serve to guide the direction of inspection
technology development, and hopefully promote a faster and
broader deployment of emerging inspection technologies
11
1. PURPOSE
RBI as an Integrated Management Tool
RBI produces Inspection and Maintenance Plans for
equipment that identify the actions that should be implemented
to provide reliable and safe operation.
The RBI effort can provide input into an organization annual
planning and budgeting that define the staffing and funds
required to maintain equipment operation at acceptable levels
of performance and risk.
12
2. RBI SCOPE
SCOPE OF RBI
Industry scope
Risk management principles and concepts that RBI is built on
are universally applicable but API RP 580 is specifically target
the application of RBI in the hydrocarbon and chemical
process industry.
Flexibility in Application
Because of the broad diversity in organizations size, culture,
federal and/or local regulatory requirements, RP 580 offers
users the flexibility to apply the RBI methodology within the
context of existing corporate risk management practices and
to accommodate unique local circumstances
13
2. RBI SCOPE
SCOPE OF RBI
Flexibility in Application
API RP 580 offers users the flexibility to apply the RBI
methodology within the existing risk management practices
and to accommodate unique local circumstances.
RP 580 is intended to promote consistency and quality in the
identification, assessment and management of risks
pertaining material deterioration, which could lead to loss of
containment.
This document is not intended to single out one specific
approach as the recommended method for conducting a RBI
effort.
14
2. RBI SCOPE
SCOPE OF RBI
15
2. RBI SCOPE
SCOPE OF RBI
Equipment Covered in API RP 580:
a) Pressure vessels: All pressure containing components.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
16
2. RBI SCOPE
SCOPE OF RBI
Equipment Not Covered:
The following non-pressurized equipment is not covered by
this document:
a) Instrument and control systems.
b) Electrical systems.
c) Structural systems.
d) Machinery components (except pump and compressor
casings).
17
2. RBI SCOPE
TARGET AUDIENCE
18
4. DEFINITIONS
Absolute risk: An ideal and accurate description and
quantification of risk.
ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practical): A concept of
minimization that suggest that feature (such as risk) can only
be reduced to a certain minimum under current technology
and with reasonable cost
19
4. DEFINITIONS
Consequence: Outcome from an event. There may be one or
more consequences from an event. Consequences may
range from positive to negative. However, consequences are
always negative for safety aspects.
Damage tolerance: The amount of deterioration that a
component can resist without failing.
Deterioration: The reduction in the ability of a component to
provide its intended purpose of containment of fluids.
20
4. DEFINITIONS
Event: Occurrence of a particular set of circumstances. The
event may be certain or uncertain.
Event tree: An analytical tool that organizes and
characterizes potential accidents in a logical and graphical
manner.
External event: Events resulting from forces of nature, acts
of God or sabotage, or such events as neighboring fires or
explosions, neighboring hazardous material releases.
External events are usually beyond the direct or indirect
control of persons employed at or by the facility.
21
4. DEFINITIONS
22
4. DEFINITIONS
Mitigation: Limiting of any negative consequence or
reduction in probability of a particular event.
Probability: Extent to which an event is likely to occur within
the time frame under consideration.
Qualitative Risk Analysis (Assessment):
Methods that use engineering judgment and experience as
the bases for the analysis of probabilities and consequences
of failure.
23
4. DEFINITIONS
Quantitative Risk Analysis (Assessment):
24
4. DEFINITIONS
Relative risk: The comparative risk of a facility, process unit,
system, equipment item or component to other facilities,
process units, systems, equipment items or components,
respectively.
Residual risk: The risk remaining after risk mitigation.
Risk: Combination of the probability of an event and its
consequence.
Risk acceptance: A decision to accept a risk.
25
4. DEFINITIONS
Risk assessment: Overall process of risk analysis and risk
evaluation
Risk Based inspection: A risk assessment and
management process that is focused on loss of containment
of pressurized equipment in processing facilities, due to
material deterioration. These risks are managed primarily
through equipment inspection.
Risk control: Actions implementing risk management
decisions.
Risk reduction: Actions taken to reduce the probability,
negative consequences, or both associated with a particular
risk.
26
4. DEFINITIONS
Risk identification: Process to find, list, and characterize
elements of risk. Elements may include; source, event,
consequence, probability.
Risk management: Coordinated activities to direct and
control an organization with regard to risk. Risk management
typically includes risk assessment, risk mitigation and risk
acceptance.
Risk mitigation: Process of selection and implementation of
measures to modify risk.
27
5. BASIC CONCEPTS
WHAT IS RISK?
5. BASIC CONCEPTS
RISK MANAGEMENT AND RISK REDUCTION
Risk reduction is only part of risk management.
Risk reduction is the act of mitigating a known risk to a lower
level of risk.
Risk management is a process to assess risks, to determine if
risk reduction is required and to develop a plan to maintain
risks at an acceptable level.
By using risk management, some risks may be identified as
acceptable so that no risk reduction (mitigation) is required.
29
5. BASIC CONCEPTS
THE ADVANCEMENT OF INSPECTION INTERVALS
In process plants, inspection and testing programs are
established to detect and evaluate deterioration due to inservice operation.
The effectiveness of inspection programs varies widely.
One extreme of this would be the dont fix it unless its broken
approach. The other extreme would be complete inspection of
all equipment items on a frequent basis.
Time-based or calendar based intervals approach
30
5. BASIC CONCEPTS
THE ADVANCEMENT OF INSPECTION INTERVALS
With advances in inspection approaches, and better
understanding of the type and rate of deterioration, inspection
intervals became more dependent on the equipment condition,
rather than what might have been an random calendar date.
Codes and standards such as API 510, 570 and 653 evolved
to an inspection philosophy with elements such as:
a) Inspection intervals based on some percentage of equipment life
(such as half life).
b) On-stream inspection in lieu of internal inspection based on low
deterioration rates.
c) Internal inspection requirements for deterioration mechanisms
related to process environment induced cracking.
d) Consequence based inspection intervals
31
5. BASIC CONCEPTS
THE ADVANCEMENT OF INSPECTION INTERVALS
RBI represents the next generation of inspection approaches
recognizing that the ultimate goal of inspection is the safety
and reliability of operating facilities.
RBI, as a risk-based approach, focuses attention specifically
on the equipment and associated deterioration mechanisms
representing the most risk to the facility.
RBI provides a better linkage between the mechanisms that
lead to equipment failure and the inspection approaches that
will effectively reduce the associated risks.
32
5. BASIC CONCEPTS
INSPECTION OPTIMIZATION
In RBI each available inspection method can be analyzed and
its relative effectiveness.
In view of this information and the cost of each Inspection
method, an optimization program can be developed to assess
the risk associated with each item of equipment and the most
appropriate inspection techniques for that piece of equipment.
A conceptual result of this methodology is illustrated by the
lower curve in Figure 1 in next slide. The lower curve indicates
that with the application of an effective RBI program.
33
5. BASIC CONCEPTS
INSPECTION OPTIMIZATION
34
5. BASIC CONCEPTS
RELATIVE RISK VS. ABSOLUTE RISK
The complexity of risk calculations is a function of the number
of factors that can affect the risk.
Many variables are involved with loss of containment in
hydrocarbon and chemical facilities and the determination of
absolute risk is often not cost effective.
RBI is focused on a systematic determination of relative risks.
In this way, facilities, units, systems, equipment or
components can be ranked based on relative risk. This serves
to focus the risk management efforts on the higher ranked
risks.
35
36
37
38
39
40
Qualitative Approach
Quantitative Approach
Semi Quantitative Approach
42
43
44
45
46
47
6. INTRODUCITION TO RISK-BSSED
INSPECTION
48
6. INTRODUCITION TO RISK-BSSED
INSPECTION
Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
The traditional QRA is generally comprised of five tasks:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Systems identification.
Hazards identification.
Probability assessment.
Consequence analysis.
Risk results.
49
6. INTRODUCITION TO RISK-BSSED
INSPECTION
UNDERSTANDING HOW RBI CAN HELP TO MANAGE
OPERATING RISKS
In performing a RBI assessment, the susceptibility of
equipment to deterioration by one or more mechanisms (e.g.
corrosion, fatigue and cracking) is established.
The suitability and current condition of the equipment within
the current operating envelope will determine the probability
of failure (POF) of the equipment from one or more
deterioration mechanisms.
This probability, when coupled with the associated
consequence of failure (COF) will determine the operating
risk associated with the equipment item.
And therefore the need for mitigation, if any, such as
inspection, metallurgy change or change in operating
conditions.
50
6. INTRODUCITION TO RISK-BSSED
INSPECTION
MANAGEMENT OF RISKS
Risk Management Through Inspection
Although inspection does not reduce risk directly, it is a risk
management activity that may lead to risk reduction.
In-service inspection is primarily concerned with the detection
and monitoring of deterioration.
The probability of failure due to such deterioration is a function
of four factors:
51
6. INTRODUCITION TO RISK-BSSED
INSPECTION
a) Deterioration type and mechanism.
b) Rate of deterioration.
c) Probability of identifying and detecting deterioration and
predicting future deterioration states with inspection
technique.
d) Tolerance of the equipment to the type of deterioration.
52
6. INTRODUCITION TO RISK-BSSED
INSPECTION
Using RBI to Establish Inspection Plans and Priorities
The primary product of a RBI effort should be an inspection
plan for each equipment item evaluated.
The inspection plan should detail the unmitigated risk related to
the current operation.
For those equipment items where inspection is a cost-effective
means of risk management, the plans should describe the type,
scope and timing of inspection / examination recommended.
Ranking of the equipment by the unmitigated risk level allows
users to assign priorities to the various inspection / examination
tasks.
53
54
55
57
58
60
61
Piping.
Pressure vessels.
Reactors.
Heat exchangers.
Furnaces.
Tanks.
Pumps (pressure boundary).
Compressors (pressure boundary).
Pressure relief devices.
Control valves (pressure boundary).
62
63
64
66
67
Safety systems.
Detection systems.
Deterioration mechanisms, rates and severity.
Personnel densities.
Coating, cladding and insulation data.
Business interruption cost.
Equipment replacement costs.
Environmental remediation costs.
68
69
71
FAILURE
MODES
FOR
RISKBASED
72
73
74
75
76
78
79
80
81
84
85
87
88
89
90
91
94
98
99
of
the
100
EFFECT
101
102
103
104
process
and
105
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
115
116
117
DECISIONS
AND
ACCEPTABLE
Risk Acceptance
Risk-based inspection is a tool to provide an analysis of the
risks of loss of containment of equipment.
Many companies have corporate risk criteria defining
acceptable and careful levels of safety, environmental and
financial risks.
These risk criteria should be used when making risk-based
inspection decisions. Because each company may be different
in terms of acceptable risk levels.
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
129
131
132
133
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
153
154
156
157
data
on
159
160
161
163
164
165
166
167
END
Course Facilitator:
Muhammad
Aqeel
API 510, 570, 653, 580,
577 &
571 Certified
mailto: m_aqeel@sgs.com
168