Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen
Familiar carbohydrates are sugar and starch
Glucose, fructose, maltose and sucrose are sugars
Glucose and fructose have the same formula, C6H12O6
Sucrose and maltose have the same formula, C12H22O11
Carbohydrates provide the main source of energy for
respiration in living organisms
Glucose C H
6
HO
HO
12
O6
HO
OH
OH
C H2OH
A glucose molecule as a
straight chain
C
C
Other carbohydrates
2 molecules of glucose can
join together to form a
molecule of maltose
maltose
part of a starch
molecule
Proteins
Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
molecules but with the addition of nitrogen
Carbohydrates are made up of glucose units.
Proteins are made up of units called amino acids
There are about 20 different amino acids. Examples are
glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), valine (Val) and cysteine (Cyst)
The amino acids, Gly-Val-Val-Cyst-Ala-Gly-Ala-Val
joined together would make a small protein
Proteins make up the structure of cells; cytoplasm, nucleus
cell membranes and enzymes
Lipids
stearic acid
oleic acid
H2 C
palmitic acid
glycerol
fatty acids
A simple lipid
Enzymes
Enzymes are special proteins
They are present in the cytoplasm of all cells
They help to speed up the chemical reactions in the cell
There are hundreds of different enzymes but each enzyme
speeds up only one kind of reaction
For example, glucose and fructose might join up slowly to
form sucrose
glucose--fructose
With the right enzyme present, the reaction happens faster
glucose--fructose
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11
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The substrate molecules fit the shape of the enzyme
enzyme
substrate A
substrate B
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14
15
enzyme unchanged
and ready for
next reaction
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A breaking-down reaction
this is called
the active site
of the enzyme
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substrate combines
temporarily with enzyme
enzyme will break
molecule here
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end-products
Properties of enzymes
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22
enzyme +
substrate
enzyme
denatured
by heat
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ENZYME ACTION
glucose
molecules
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part of starch
molecule
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Enzyme action
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glucose
molecules
part of starch
molecule
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Question 1
The correct formula for glucose is
(a) C12H22O11
(b) C5H10O5
(c) C4H8O4
(d) C6H12O6
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Question 2
Which is the most accurate description of a carbohydrate?
A carbohydrate contains
(a) carbon and oxygen
(b) carbon, oxygen and nitrogen
(c) carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
(d) carbon and hydrogen
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Question 3
When two molecules of glucose combine, they form
(a) maltose
(b) sucrose
(c) fructose
(d) ribose
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Question 4
Which is the most accurate description of a protein
Proteins contain
(a) carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
(b) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
(c) carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
(d) carbon, nitrogen and oxygen
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Question 5
Which statements are correct?
Proteins are present in
(a) cell membranes
(b) cell walls
(c) cytoplasm
(d) nucleus
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Question 6
High temperatures damage proteins by
(a) decomposing them
(b) changing their chemical composition
(c) changing their shape
(d) making them soluble
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Question 7
A protein is made up of a series of
(a) glucose units
(b) fatty acids
(c) amino acids
(d) carbohydrates
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Question 8
Lipids are made up of
(a) glycerol and amino acids
(b) glycerol and fatty acids
(c) protein and fatty acids
(d) starch and fatty acids
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Question 9
Enzymes are
(a) proteins
(b) lipids
(c) carbohydrates
(d) a combination of these
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Question 10
An enzyme can
(a) change a reaction
(b) prevent a reaction
(c) slow down a reaction
(d) speed up a reaction
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Question 11
A substrate is a substance which
(a) an enzyme acts on
(b) is produced by an enzyme reaction
(c) is a particular kind of enzyme
(d) is any chemical substance in a cell
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Question 12
An enzyme can
(a) combine with different substrates
(b) form different kinds of end-product
(c) function at temperatures above 90oC
(d) speed up a reaction in the cytoplasm
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Question 13
The part of an enzyme which combines with the substrate
is called
(a) the reaction centre
(b) the active site
(c) the action centre
(d) the reaction site
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Question 14
After being exposed to a high temperature an enzyme
cannot function because
(a) it has been broken down
(b) its shape has been changed
(c) its composition has been changed
(d) it cannot separate from its substrate
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ANSWER
Correct
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ANSWER
Incorrect