Contents:

BUILDING
SERVICES-VI

Need
Define ventilation
Type:
Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Hybrid ventilation
Air change
Air change rate
Air movement
Orientation
Temperature effects
Minimum requirement

Lecture -1

NEED
To reduce Carbon-di-oxide content and control dust and
other impurities in the air.
To suppress odours ,smoke ,concentration of bacteria, etc.
To maintain desired relative humidity and favorable
ambiance to live-in.
The ventilation of a building can have a significant affect on
energy consumption and a thorough assessment of natural as
against mechanical ventilation should be made as the decision
could significantly affect the energy efficiency of a building.

VENTILATION
Ventilation Free passage of clean air in a structure.
VENTILATION is the process of changing or replacing air in
any space to provide high indoor air quality.
The systematic removal of heated air, smoke, and gases from
a structure and replacement with cooler, cleaner air.
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as
well as circulation of clean air within the building.

WHY VENTILATION
Improving thermal comfort and indoor air quality through
provision of fresh air is known to be vitally important to
individuals perception of a space, their health and well-being,
and productivity.
Any ventilation system should be flexible because it will need to
work under a wide range of conditions:
I. To remove excess heat from people and equipment.
II.To remove moisture, smells and pollutants generated by
people, pets and cooking, which can be unpleasant or hazardous
to health and/or buildings.
III.To remove gaseous emissions from materials, furnishings,
cleaning agents and, in affected areas, the products of radon.
IV.To act as a carrier for heating, cooling and/or humidity
control.
V. To provide oxygen for breathing, although the safe
requirement is a tiny proportion compared to the other needs.

VENTILATION TYPES
NATURAL VENTILATION
Flow driven by wind and temperature.
FORCED AIR MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Exhaust ,Supply and plenum process.
HYBRID VENTILATION
Combinations of the above systems.

NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation includes the

movement of outdoor air through
intentional openings such as doors
and windows and through
unintentional openings in the
building shell such as cracks which
result in infiltration and exfiltration.

This ventilation type is mostly used

in smaller buildings .

Normally it is driven by wind

pressure and density variations.

The various types are,

single sided ventilation
(density driven)
stack ventilation (density
driven)
cross flow ventilation
(wind driven)

SINGLE SIDED VENTILATION

(NATURAL)

CROSS FLOW VENTILATION

(NATURAL)

This air is replaced by cold outdoor air

that enters near the bottom of the building
or from the ground. This phenomenon is
called the building Stack Effect.
STACK VENTILATION. (NATURAL)

 Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without

the use of a fan or any other mechanical system.
It can be achieved with open-able windows or trickle vents when the spaces
to ventilate are small and the architecture permits.

Clerestory
are any high windows
above eye level . The
purpose is to bring
outside light, fresh air,
or both into the inner
space.

TYPES OF
NATURAL VENTILATION OPENINGS
Windows (Windows sliding vertically, sliding horizontally, tilting,
swinging).
Doors, monitor openings and skylights.
Roof Ventilators (weather proof air outlet).
Stacks connecting to registers (A device attached to an airdistributing duct for the purpose ofcontrolling the
discharge of air into the space to be heated, cooled, or
ventilated.
Specially designed inlet or outlet openings.
9

FORCED VENTILATION

Mechanical or forced ventilation is used

to control indoor air quality.

Excess humidity,

odours,

and

contaminants can often be controlled via

dilution or replacement with outside air.

Kitchens and bathrooms typically have

mechanical exhaust to control odours and
sometimes humidity.

Ceiling fans and table fans circulate air

within a room for the purpose of reducing
the perceived temperature because of
evaporation of perspiration on the skin of
the occupants.

TYPES

Supply System
Supplying fresh air by input fans in outside walls.

Exhaust System
Creating partial vacuum by exhaust fans and blowers.

Plenum process
Supply of fresh air by inlet ducts and exhaust of vitiated air
by outlet fans.

SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Components:
Air inlet section
Filters
Heating and/or cooling equipment
Fan
Ducts
Register/grills for distributing the air within the work space

EXHAUST SYSTEMS
Purpose:
An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and airborne
contaminants from the work place air
The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work area, or it may
be placed at the source to remove the contaminant at its source
itself
Types of exhaust systems:
General exhaust system
Local exhaust system

GENERAL EXHAUST SYSTEMS

Used for heat control in an area
by introducing large quantities
of air in the area. The air may
be tempered and recycled.
Used

for

removal

of

contaminants generated in an
area by mixing enough outdoor
air with the contaminant so that
the average concentration is
reduced to a safe level.

LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEMS(LES)

The objective of a local exhaust system is to remove the
contaminant as it is generated at the source itself.
Advantages:
More effective as compared to a general exhaust system.
The smaller exhaust flow rate results in low heating costs
compared to the high flow rate required for a general exhaust
system.
The smaller flow rates lead to lower costs for air cleaning
equipment.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

EXHAUST AND SUPPLY SYSTEMS?
An Exhaust ventilation system removes the air and air borne contaminants

from the work place, whereas, the Supply system adds air to work room to
dilute contaminants in the work place so as to lower the contaminant
concentrations.

Plenum Process

Hybrid ventilation is a two mode system combining of natural ventilation and

mechanical ventilation.
Mechanical ventilation is used when natural driving forces cannot fulfill the
required ventilation level.

Hybrid VentilationAdvantages
Hybrid ventilation systems offer many advantages:
Relative low running costs for energy conditioning the ventilation
air
Energy savings compared to full mechanical ventilation systems
Easily controlled by the inhabitants compared to natural ventilation
Relative low maintenance
Reduced use of mechanical equipment compared to mechanically
ventilated building

Hybrid VentilationDisadvantages
Disadvantages include:
Relative high initial costs
Depending on climatic conditions, hybrid ventilation is not suitable
for many types of buildings where mechanical ventilation might be
the only solution
Room space for equipment might be needed (space for ducting)
Building design might impose restrictions to the use of hybrid
ventilation
The urban aspects (noise, outdoor pollution, wind velocity,
humidity) might limit its use

SELECTING THE VENTILATION STRATEGY

SELECTING THE VENTILATION STRATEGY

BASIC DOMESTIC SCALE MVHR SYSTEM.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL AND MECHANI

AIR CHANGES
The volume of fresh air (make up air) required for proper
ventilation is determined of the size and use of the space.

AIR CHANGE RATE

The air change rate refers to the number of times in a 1-hr period that the
volume of air in a space is renewed.
Design Consideration:
The factors affecting air change rate are:

The presence of air pockets or dead space in the Controlled area.

The relative positioning of Supply and Return air grills.

Type of Machine and Equipments placed inside the area

AIR MOVEMENT
Air movement is affected by the following:
Differences in air pressure as air moves from areas of high pressure to
areas of low pressure.
Circulation- heating and cooling equipment both
use blowers to distribute conditioned air throughout
buildings.
Ventilation fans for bathrooms, laundries
all vent conditioned air to
the outside which must be replaced.
Combustion processes- appliances such
as boilers, furnaces, heating stoves and
water heaters pull air from the home
interior as they exhaust the products
of combustion to the exterior.
.

AIR MOVEMENT
Differences in temperature
Thermal buoyancy- describes the action of
air as it is heated. Because heated air is less
dense it rises, moving from a cool, highdensity area to ward a warm, low-density
area.
Stack effect- describes the action of warm
air rising through a building. As warm air
rises, it pulls cold make-up air into the home
through the lower building envelope and
pushes warm air out through the upper
building envelope.
Convection currents- The movement of
cooler air moving in to replace rising warm
air will establish convection currents any
place in the home in which temperature
differentials exist, with main areas of concern
being the living space and attics.

EARTH TUBES
One further approach to the provision of fresh air to a building, and that can be used with
either a mechanical or natural system, is the earth tube. The temperature of the ground a few
metres below the surface is typically similar to the mean annual air temperature . This means
that if the supply air is brought to the building via a long tube buried in the ground its will
adjust is temperature closer to the ground temperature. Thus in winter cold air will be slightly
warmed and in summer hot incoming air will be slightly cooled. Thus free heat of cooling is
provided, but is far more popular in locations where there is a much greater swing in annual
temperature.

TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
Temperature inside a structure is often different from the outside
ambient temperature.
Maximum temperature differences occur when the indoor environment
is heated
In the winter when indoor air temperatures are high relative to those
outdoors, the warmer and less dense air inside rises and flows out of
the building at its top.
During

hot weather

when

air

conditioning produces lower

temperatures inside than outside, the reverse process occurs.