Universiti Tun Hussein

Onn Malaysia
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Machine
BY
Khairulnizam Bin Othman
Mohd Hadri Bin Mohamed Nor
Noraniah Binti Kassim
1

CHAPTER 2
POWER TRANSMISSION
BELT DRIVE

LEARNING OUTCOMES
IDENTIFY AND SOLVE PROBLEMS RELATED TO
TYPES OF POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
APPLY KINEMATICS PRINCIPLE TO SOLVE FLAT
AND V-BELT PROBLEMS.

CONTENTS

CENTRIFUGAL & CENTRIPETAL FORCE

CLASSIFICATION OF POWER DRIVE
BELT DRIVE SYSTEM
BELT DRIVE ARRANGMENT
BELT TYPES
VELOCITY RATIO
EFFECT OF SLIP ON VELOCITY RATIO
ANGLE OF CONTACT
LENGTH OF BELT
TENSION RATIO IN A BELT DRIVE
BELT SYSTEM POWER TRANSMISSION
EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION
BELT CREEP
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CENTRIFUGAL & CENTRIPETAL

FORCE
According to Newtons Third
Law,
all
forces
have
reactions of the same
magnitude but act in the
opposite direction. Since a
rotating body experiences
centripetal
force,
its
reaction acts in the opposite
direction. This reaction is
known as centrifugal force
and its direction is outwards
from the axis of rotation.
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CENTRIFUGAL & CENTRIPETAL

FORCE
Centripetal force is force that acts by pulling
a rotating mass towards the axis of rotation.
Consider a mass m moving around a circle of radius
r at angular velocity . Its normal acceleration
directed towards the center of the circle is:

an 2 r
Therefore, the centripetal force that acts on the
body is:

Fn man m r
2

The magnitude of centripetal and centrifugal

force is same but opposite direction.
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CLASSIFICATION OF POWER DRIVE

POWER DRIVE

FLEXIBLE DRIVE

DIRECT DRIVE

BELT DRIVE
CHAIN DRIVE
ROPE DRIVE

GEAR DRIVE
CAM DRIVE

BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Consists of two or more pulleys (sheaves)
connected with belts
The pulleys are mounted on shafts that are
supported by bearings
Purpose: to transmit power and motion between
shafts

BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Advantages:

Up to 95% efficient
Designed to slip when an overload occurs
Resist abrasion (friction)
Require no lubrication (no metal to metal contact)
Smooth running
Quiet
Can transmit motion and power over long distances
Operate effectively at high speeds
Flexible shaft center distances
Inexpensive (when compared to other drive systems such as
chain or gear drives)
Easy to assemble and install
Have flexible tolerances
Absorb shock well
Easy and inexpensive to maintain
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BELT DRIVE ARRANGEMENT

Machines operated by belt drives must have an
idler, an adjustable base, or both
Idler is use to help maintain constant tension on
the belt

10

BELT TYPES
Flat Belt
V Belt
Synchronous
Belt (timing
belt)

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BELT TYPES
Uses/advantages of flat belt:
where high-speed applications (up to 140,000
rpm) are more important than power
transmission
long center distances are necessary
where drives with non-parallel shafts are
required (belt can be twisted)
applications requiring small pulley diameters
(as small as 3/8")

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BELT TYPES
Disadvantages of flat belt:
tend to slip under load
lower efficiency at moderate speeds
must be kept under tension to
function (require tensioning devices);
causes high bearing loads
require friction for proper functioning
stretch over time
13

BELT TYPES
Uses/advantages of V-belt:
useful in automotive, household, industrial,
and agricultural applications
easy to install and replace
low maintenance
provide shock absorption between driver
and driven shafts
useful with temperature range of 1 oC to
82oC
are 90-98% efficient
maximum satisfactory speed ratio is
approximately 6:1
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BELT TYPES
Disadvantages of V-belt:

improper belt tension can reduce

service life
belt life at increased temperatures
(above 82oC) is significantly shorted
require friction for proper functioning

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BELT TYPES
Uses/advantages
belt:

of

synchronous

useful in operations requiring high efficiency,

timing or constant velocity
no slippage
will not stretch
required belt tension is very low
speed is transmitted uniformly

16

BELT TYPES
Disadvantages of synchronous
belt:
shorter center distance required
than flat belts
used on parallel shafts only
cost

17

VELOCITY RATIO

driven velocity v2
r11
n

; v[m/s], r[m], [rad/s]

driver velocity
v1
r22

By assuming that there is no slipping and that

the belt is inelastic, we can write v1 = v2 which
brings us to the relations:
N 2 d1
n
; N [rpm]
N1 d 2
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VELOCITY RATIO
If the thickness of the belt, t, is countered in
the calculation, we add this value to the
diameter, so we have:

N 2 d1 t
n

(tutoril )
N1 d 2 t

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EFFECT OF SLIP ON VELOCITY

RATIO
Although belt-drive depends on friction for power
transmission, there are factors that contribute to the
inefficiency of the drive. This inefficiency is known as
belt slip where frictional force is not strong
enough to hold the belt in its place, causing the
sheaves to rotate without affecting the belt.
When there is insufficient friction between a belt and
the pulley, the belt cannot take up more loads; it
results in the belt slipping over the pulley, the
phenomenon is called belt slip. Belt slip results in
loss of motion and power.
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EFFECT OF SLIP ON VELOCITY

RATIO
Normally belt slip is expressed as a percentage and denoted
by G :
G1 = Percentage of slip between belt and driver sheave
G2 = Percentage of slip between belt and driven sheave
G = Total percentage slip = G1 + G2

N 2 d1
G
n
1
N1 d 2 100
Again, by considering the thickness of the belt, t, then the
velocity ratio:
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Example 1.1
An engine, running at 150rpm, drives a line shaft by means of a belt.
The engine pulley is 750mm diameter and the pulley on the line shaft
being 450mm. A 900mm diameter pulley on the line shafts drives a
150mm diameter pulley keyed to a dynamo shaft. Fine the speed of the
dynamo shaft, when:
1. There is no slip
2. There is a slip of 2% at each drive

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ANGLE OF CONTACT

OPEN BELT DRIVE

open

r1 r2

; [radian]
X

Angle of contact, open 2 ; [radian]

23

ANGLE OF CONTACT

CROSS BELT DRIVE

cross

r1 r2

; [radian]
X

Angle of contact, cross 2 ; [radian]

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TENSION RATIO IN A BELT DRIVE

T1 = Tension on the
tight side of the belt
T2 = Tension on the
slack side of the belt

FLAT BELT DRIVE

= Angle of contacts

= Coefficient of
friction between
pulley and belt

T1
e ; T [ N ], [radian]
T2
25

TENSION RATIO IN A BELT DRIVE

V-BELT DRIVE

T1
e
T2

sin

cos ec

; T [ N ], [radian], [degree]
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BELT SYSTEM POWER

TRANSMISSION
Driver torque, 1 T1 T2 r1 ; [ Nm]
Driven torque, 2 T1 T2 r2 ; [ Nm]
Power, P T1 T2 v; P[Watt]

1
PFlat belt drive T1 1 v
e

PV -belt drive T1 1 v

sin
e

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EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION

Since the belt has mass and as the belt rotates,
there is a tendency for the belt to be thrown out
of the belt causing the tension in the belt to
increase and the centrifugal force, Fc will be exist.
Tc mv 2 ; Tc [ N ] m = mass of belt per unit
length

FC

Tc = centrifugal tension

T1 Tc
e
T2 Tc
T1 Tc
e
T2 Tc

sin

FOR FLAT BELT

FOR V-BELT
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EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION

As a conclusion, when the mass of the belt is
considered, the centrifugal force would be exist and the
effective driving tensions:
T1 Tc & T2 Tc
And the power transmitted by a belt drive:

1
PFlat belt drive T1 Tc 1 v
e

PV -belt drive T1 Tc 1 v

sin
e

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EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION

For the maximum power transmitted by a belt drive,
centrifugal tension is:
1
Tc T1
3
As we know that Tc mv , so:
2

1
mv T1
3
2

And:
2
Pmax (Flat belt drive) T1
3

1
1

T1

3m

Pmax (V-belt drive)

2
T1
3

1
1

e sin

T1

3m
30

Example 1.2
Find the power transmitted by a belt running over a pulley of 600mm
diameter at 200rpm. The coefficient of friction between the belt and
pulley is 0.25, angle of lap 160 and maximum tension in the belt is
2500N.

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LENGTH OF BELT

OPEN BELT DRIVE

Lopen

r1 r2
r r 2X
1

32

LENGTH OF BELT

CROSS BELT DRIVE

Lcross

r1 r2
r r 2X
1

33

Example 1.3
A shaft which rotates at a constant speed of 160rpm is connected by
belting to a parallel shaft 720mm apart, which has to run at 60, 80 and
100rpm. The smallest pulley on the driving shaft is 40mm in radius.
Determine the remaining radii of the two stepped pulleys for:
1. A crossed belt
2. An open belt
(Neglect belt thickness and slip)

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BELT CREEP
Belt creep happens due to the elasticity of belt. It
can be defined as a situation in which a portion of
the belt elongated while the other does not.

Due to elastic condition , v1 v2

v2
T1 T2
1

v1
A E
A cross section area of belt drive [m 2 ]
2
E modulus of elasticity of belt drive[ N m ]
v velocity of pulley [ms 1 ]
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Example 1.4

The power is transmitted from a pulley 1m

diameter running at 200rpm to a pulley 2.25m by
means of belt. Find the speed lost by the driven
pulley as a result of creep, (if the stress on the
tight and slack side of the belt is 1.4MPa and
0.5MPa respectively. The Young modulus for the
material of the belt is 100MPa.

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Example 1.5
A flat belt type is used for a belt drive system connecting two pulleys
1.2m apart. The driver pulley with diameter 40cm is rotating with speed
350 rpm, while diameter of driven pulley is 100cm. Coefficient of friction
of the contact surface between belt and pulley is 0.3. Maximum
allowable tension is 600N. Find:
1.

Power transmitted by the belt

2.

Initial tension of the belt

3.

If the flat belt is replaced by the V-belt with groove angle of 30,
find the power transmitted by the belt.

Example 1.6
Now, using the same data as example 1.5, treat now the belt is elastic,
given that mass per unit length is 0.4kg/m, cross section of belt is
320mm2, and modulus of elasticity of 300MN/m2, find the power
delivered by the system.
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THANK YOU

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