Lecture 5

Compression, cont.

Surge
Surge occurs at some minimum capacity at each
speed. The compressor does not meet the
discharge pressure and a series of flow reversals
occur.
Anti surge control recycle flow controlled via
flow and differential pressure monitoring

Centrifugal compressor Characteristic Curve

Reminding: Compression PFD

Recycle
valve

>
Check valve

Level
control

Surge control shown in Compressor P&ID

PSV

ESV

BDV

Recycle Valve

Note the PSD function

Scrubbers
The scrubber is a pressure vessel needed for removal of
liquid (vertical two-phase separator).
Where the gas at suction of one compressor stage have a
normal operating temperature and pressure which is far
away from the gas water or hydrocarbon dewpoint curve,
and all possible variations in operating conditions does not
create any liquid, the compressor suction scrubber may be
avoided.

P&ID upstream a compressor

Overpressure?

Highlevel
Lowlevel

Overpressure in Scrubbers
Overpressure scenarios shall be identified, for example:
Overpressure protection of the scrubber shall take into account
leakage from the compressor discharge side in case the discharge
check valve fail to close on compressor shut down.
If, in case of check valve failure, the common settle out pressure exceeds the
design pressure of the scrubber, two check valves shall be installed in series.
When two check valves are used, monitoring of the intermediate pressure is required
for leakage detection of check valves.

Upstream PSV to be designed for a predefined leakage through the check valve,
typically 1% opening of the cross sectional area of the check valve.

Settle out pressure

Recycle
valve

>
Check valve

Liquid from scrubbers

The conditions downstream the liquid control valve

shall be checked for hydrate formation, and suitable
precautions taken, i.e.:
control valve type to reduce potential for internal freezing
injection point for methanol

When normally no flow of liquid out of scrubber is

expected, level is to be controlled on an on/off basis

Hydrates
Gas hydrates are crystalline
compounds that occur when water
forms a cage-like structure around
smaller hydrocarbon molecules.
These solid formations are
detrimental to oil and gas
processing operations since they
can block pipelines, and can
render measuring equipment
useless.
Hydrates form at low temperature and high pressure
areas,

Maximum flow
The coolers and scrubbers
should be able to
withstand the maximum
flow that the associated
compressor can handle at
minimum discharge
pressure without incurring
mechanical damage.

Layout requirements
Coolers and compressors should be elevated above
scrubbers. Lines shall slope towards scrubber.
Anti surge line should be sloped with the antisurge
valve at the highest point.
When methanol injection is required upstream the
cooler, the main piping shall slope from injection point
towards the cooler.
Compressors should, to the extent practical, be located
away from large hydrocarbon inventories such as
production separators

Interface requirements
The following utility and support systems may have to be provided to the
compression system:
Cooling medium or seawater for gas, lube and seal oil coolers.
Nitrogen for isolation seal gas.
Methanol if required for hydrate prevention and removal.
Instrument air and hydraulic power.
Electric power and UPS, as required.
Service fresh water for turbine washing. Ion exchange filters to be part
of the system.
Fuel gas/diesel.
Flare and drain.

Gas Treatment
Gas may require treatment to remove:
CO2 with water = corrosion, may exceed sales gas
specification
H2S with water = corrosion; toxic, may exceed sales
gas specification
Water - may cause hydrate formation, also an essential
ingredient for corrosion

Hydrate Formation requires

C1 to C4
hydrocarbons
Low
temperature
Free water
High pressure

Gas Treatment
Dehydration can be by glycol contactor or adsorbent
material (silicate).
CO2 removal can be by glycol contactor.
H2S removal by amine contactor.
Contactors and dryers need regeneration: Expect high
levels of the removed substance there! Heat is usually
used.

Acid gas removal processes;

Chemical solvents:
Alkanolamines
Alkaline salt solutions

Physical solvents

Sulfinol
Selexol
Fluor Solvents
Rectisol

Dry-bed adsorption
Mol sieve
Iron sponge

Membrane processes

Gas Dehydration with glycol

Gas filter /
coalescer

Glycol
contactor

Lean
glycol
To vent

Regenerator

Glycol
contactor inlet
cooler

Reboile
r

Rich glycol

Glycol
contactor inlet
scrubber

Surge tank /
accumulator