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Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

058:180 (ME:5180)
Time & Location: 2:30P - 3:20P MWF 3315 SC
Office Hours:

4:00P 5:00P MWF 223B-5 HL

Instructor: Lichuan Gui


lichuan-gui@uiowa.edu
Phone: 319-384-0594 (Lab), 319-400-5985 (Cell)
http://lcgui.net

Lecture 4. Measurement systems and static response

asuring systems and their components


Essential systems in fluid mechanics experiment
1. Physical system: flowing fluids, flow-producing apparatus, test models etc.
2. Measuring system: sensors, electric and electronic circuits, data acquisition and
processing devices, and software
3. Experimenter(s): person(s) who plans, executes, and interprets the measurements
Response of measuring system - relationship between values of an input and an output
Inputs of measuring system
1. Desired inputs
2. Undesirable inputs
a. interfering inputs
- add noise to desired inputs
b. modifying inputs
- change response to desired inputs
Example: hot-wire anemometer used to measure air jet flow from a nozzle to lab room
- The draft of air produced by ventilation system in lab acts as interfering
inputs.
- The room temperature change acts as modifying inputs.

ering, compensation, and output correction


Filters - used to reduce or eliminate undesirable input effects
Filters classified according to frequency range:
- no-pass filters remove all fluctuations, permitting only a steady component
- low-pass filters remove fluctuations with frequencies above a cut-off value
- high-pass filters remove fluctuations with frequencies below a cut-off value
- band-pass filters remove all fluctuations except those with frequencies within a certain band
- band-reject filters remove all fluctuations with frequencies within a certain band
Filters classified in terms of physical operation
- electrical-electronic filters, applied to electric signals;
- mechanical filters, designed to filter motion or force fluctuations,
e.g. shock absorbers used to reduce vibration of an apparatus;
- thermal filters, designed to remove temperature fluctuations, e.g. thermal insulation
- electromagnetic filters, designed to remove the interfering effects of electric and magnetic
fields
- digital filters, applied to recorded signals
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ering, compensation, and output correction


Compensation - introduce additional interfering or modifying inputs to partly or
entirely cancel the original undesirable effects.
Example: Bonded strain gauge - sensitive to ambient-temperature fluctuations

V0

Rs1
Measuring gauge

Rs2

Reference gauge
V0

Rs1
Measuring gauge

Analytical correction
- remove undesirable effects & errors from output
according to knowledge of undesirable inputs & system responses

es and functions of measuring system components


Operation modes:
- analogue, discrete (digital, binary, etc.), or hybrid
Response modes:
1. Passive output energy supplied by input
2. Active output energy supplied by external
excitation source
Functions of measuring system components:
1. Sensing
used to produce output

2. Convection and conditioning


used to transform output to a form,
amplitude, or both more suitable for
observation or further processing

3. Transmission
used to transfer signals or other information
from one component to another

4. Processing and storage


used display or store output

atic response and static calibration


Static system
- constant or slowly varying input and output

Static response
1. Theoretically determined by physical law
e.g. liquid manometer for gas pressure
difference measurement, Fig. (a)
Hydrostatic law:
2. More commonly determined by static calibration, e.g. variable-reluctance pressure transducer, Fig. (b)
calibrated with liquid manometer:

Static calibration:
- performed separated for each desired input
- determine input-output relationship (calibration curve) with standard system
- accuracy depends on that of instruments used as standard
Effects of undesirable inputs:
1. Zero drift parallel shift of primary calibration curve
2. Sensitivity drift a change in the slope of the primary calibration curve

atic response and static calibration


Static performance characteristics:

Output

non-linear

Static sensitivity - slope of input-output relationship


full-scale output
- constant in linear system
- local sensitivity varies over input range in non-linear system

Scale readability

linear
Input

- minimum change in output can be observed

Span (input full-scale)

- range of input to be measured with acceptable accuracy

span

Full-scale output - range of output values measured from minimum to maximum input values
Dynamic range - ratio of largest to smallest values of input
Non-linearity - maximum deviation of actual response from
straight line determined by least-square fit of
calibration measurements

Threshold - smallest input level for detectable output


Resolution - smallest input change for detectable output change
Hysteresis

- difference between the output value corresponding


to an input value reached from below and the output
value corresponding to the same input value
reached from above.

Elastic hysteresis of an band


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ormality test and removal of outliers


Normality test
- to assess randomness of repeat measurement values (e.g. with probability graph paper)
Rearrange a number of repeat values xi, i=1,2,,N , so that xi xi+1

Compute percentage of repeat values that are not more than x i , i.e.
Compute mean value and variance as

Normalize the repeat values as

Plot yi vs. xi* on probability


graph paper as right
Assess deviation of plotted
points from the Gaussian line
[passing through the points (0,50%) and (1, 84.1%)]

rmality tests and removal of outliers


Outliers
Spurious values due to

(1) human error, e.g. misreading of an instruments output


(2) Temporary or intermittent undesirable input

Identified by application of Chauvenets criterion


Value xi is a outlier if

Linear least-square fit (LLSF)


A set of calibration measurements:
LLSF line equation:

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Homework
- Read textbook 2.1-2.2 on page 19-31
- Questions and Problems: 1, 4 on page 41

- Due on 08/31
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