Reference Values
Normal
Adults: 620 mg/dL or 2.17.1 mmol/L
Elderly patients ( 60 years): 823
mg/dL or 2.98.2 mmol/L
Children: 518 mg/dL or 1.86.4 mmol/L
Analytical Methods
Chemical Method (Direct Method)
Diacetyl Monoxime Method
Urea + DAM Yellow Diazine
Derivative
Analytical Methods
Enzymatic Method (Indirect Method)
a. Hydrolysis of Urea by Urease
Clinical Implications
Increased BUN levels (azotemia)
Impaired renal function caused by
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Clinical Implications
Increased BUN levels (azotemia)
Chronic renal disease such as
glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis
Urinary tract obstruction
Hemorrhage into GI tract
Diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis
Excessive protein intake or protein
catabolism as occurs in burns or cancer
Anabolic steroid use
Clinical Implications
Decreased BUN levels
Liver failure (severe liver disease),
such as that resulting from hepatitis,
drugs, or poisoning
Acromegaly
Impaired absorption (celiac disease)
Nephrotic syndrome (occasional)
Syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Interfering Factors
1. Combination of a low-protein and highcarbohydrate diet can cause a decreased BUN
level.
2. BUN is normally lower in children and women
because they have less muscle mass than
adult men.
3. Decreased BUN values normally occur in late
pregnancy because of increased plasma
volume (physiologic hydremia).
4. Older persons may have an increased BUN
when their kidneys are not able to concentrate
urine adequately.
5. IV feedings only may result in overhydration
END
Give up trying to do everything myself and depended on Him even for the
smallest of things.