you
to
conduct
syndicate
Sequence of Presentation
Defining Research
Why Managers Should Know About Research
Dimensions of Research
Applied and Basic Research
Exploratory, Descriptive and Explanatory Research
Determining When to Conduct Research
Steps involved in the Research Process
Art of doing Review of Literature
Stating research problem clearly and precisely.
Managers
in
organizations
constantly engage themselves
in studying and analyzing issues
and
To
become
a
successful
manager, it is important for
you to know how to go about
making the right decisions by
being knowledgeable about
the various steps involved in
finding
solutions
to
problematic issues.
7
No
No
Yes
Is the decision
Yes
of considerable
strategic
or tactical
?importance
No
No
Conducting
Social
Research
Research Process
Usually treated as sequentially defined
steps. Nevertheless:
Completion of each step before going
to next is not required.
Idea of sequence is useful for
developing a research project.
Variation in the number of steps
Qualitative methods
Epistemological
positions
Objectivist reality
exists independently of
the researcher
Relationship between
researcher and subject
Distant /outsider
Close/insider
Research focus
Facts
Meanings
Type of reasoning
Deduction
Induction
Scope of findings
Nomothetic: attempts
to establish law-like
findings that hold
irrespective of time.
OBSERVATIO
N
Broad area
of research
Interest
identified
7
DATA
COLLECTION
ANALYSIS, AND
INTERPREATION
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
GENERATION
OF
HYPOTHESE
S
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research
Problem
Delineated
Variables
clearly
Identified and
labeled
RESEARCH
DESIGN
8
DEDUCTION
Research
Question
?answered
2
PRELIMINARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interviewing
,
Literature
survey
Yes
No
REPORT
WRITING
10
REPORT
PRESENTATION
11
Managerial
Decision
Making
Literature Survey
19
Basic Assumption of
Review of Literature is
:that
Knowledge accumulates
and
we learn from and build
what others haveon
.done
Data Sources
Textbooks
Academic and professional journals
Theses: PhD theses and Master
theses.
Conference proceedings
Unpublished manuscripts
Reports
Newspapers
Govt documents etc.
21
Literature Survey
computerized
databases is now readily
The
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
3.
28
3.
4.
29
30
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
Enough for
today
Research Design
Types of Data
Primary data. 1
:Sources of primary data include such things as
Questionnaires
Interviews
Observational studies (including Participant Observation)
Content Analysis
Secondary data .2
:Sources of secondary data include such things as
Newspaper articles
Books, magazines, the mass media
The research of other social scientists
46
Types of Data
Quantitative data. 3
This form of data results from an attempt, as the name
suggests, to quantify the relationship between two or more
things. In this respect, an attempt is made to
.represent the relationship statistically / numerically
Qualitative data. 4
This form of data results from an attempt to specify the quality
of the relationship between two or more things. This usually
involves the attempt to say something about the way people
.experience the social world and their social relationships
47
Aims of Research