and Carbohydrates
Lecture 10
Metabolism
The activity of obtaining and using energy
Maintenance
Growth
Reproduction
Matter
Recycled within the biosphere
Metabolism
LE 9-2
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
Organic + O
molecules 2
ATP
powers most cellular work
Heat
energy
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
ATP
Pyruvate
oxidation
Cytosol
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
Summary: Glycolysis
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Usually 1 carbon:2 hydrogens:1 oxygen
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are the structural units of
carbohydrate molecules
Two monosaccharides link to form a
disaccharide
Monosaccharides link in longer chains to form
polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
aldehyde or ketone derivatives of straight-chain
polyhydroxy alcohol contain at least three carbon atoms
Defined by several criteria;
Number of carbon atoms [most important for this class
trioses (3), pentoses (5) and hexoses (6)]
Aldehyde (aldoses) or ketone (ketoses) present
Carbon #1 is the terminal carbon atom closest to the
carbonyl group
In D-sugars, the hydroxyl on the asymmetric carbon
furthest from the carbonyl is orientated as in Dglyceraldehyde
Monosaccharides
D-glyceraldehyde
(triose)
D-ribose
(pentose)
D-glucose
(hexose)
Monosaccharides
Hydroxyl
Aldehyde
Ketone
Monosaccharides
3
4
3
4
5
D-glucose
6
Fisher Projections
Monosaccharides
D-glucose
D-galactose
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
Isomers
Structural Isomer
D-glucose
Fisher Projections
(geometric)
LE 4-3
Molecular
Formula
Methane
Ethane
Ethene (ethylene)
Structural
Formula
Ball-and-Stick
Model
Space-Filling
Model
Monosaccharide Isomers
Asymmetric carbons can lead to two molecules
with spatial arrangements of groups but the
same formula
Enantiomers or optical isomers
D-glyceraldehyde
(triose)
D-ribose
(pentose)
These are all D sugars
D-glucose
(hexose)
D-glucose
D-galactose
Fig. 5-3
Aldoses
Trioses (C3H6O3)
Pentoses (C5H10O5)
Hexoses (C6H12O6)
Glyceraldehyde
Ribose
Ketoses
Glucose
Galactose
Dihydroxyacetone
Ribulose
Fructose
Structure 1
Structure 2
Monosaccharide Isomers
Monosaccharides with five or more carbons can
change from the linear form to a ring form
~36%
Trace
~64%
LE 9-6_3
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Glucose
Cytosol
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Mitochondrion
ATP
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation
LE 9-6_1
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Glucose
Cytosol
Mitochondrion
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Glycolysis
Electrons removed are delivered to NAD+
producing NADH
Glucose
Oxidation
2 Pyruvate
Glycolysis
Reactions of Glycolysis
Phosphorylation of Glucose
LE 8-16
Substrate
Active site
Enzyme
Enzyme-substrate
complex
catalyzed by phosphoglucoisomerase
the structure of G-6-P (aldose) is rearranged to
fructose-6-phosphate (ketose)
requires ring opening followed by isomerization
and ring closure
LE 9-9a_2
Glucose
ATP
Hexokinase
ADP
Glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Fructose-6-phosphate
ATP
Phosphofructokinase
ADP
Fructose1, 6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Isomerase
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidation
phosphorylation
ATP
Redox Reactions
Reduction-oxidation reactions
transfer electrons from donor to acceptor atoms
Donor is oxidized
as it releases electrons
Acceptor is reduced
becomes oxidized
(loses electron)
Xe-
becomes reduced
(gains electron)
Ye-
Redox Reactions
LE 9-7
Enzyme
Enzyme
ADP
P
Substrate
+
Product
ATP
Dehydration of 2-PG
LE 9-8
2 ATP used
2 ADP + 2 P
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
ATP
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e + 4 H+
4 ATP formed
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Summary: Glycolysis
glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H++ 2 ATP
In the presence of oxygen, the electrons from
NADH+ would be transported to the
mitochondria to power oxidation
phosphorylation
Types of Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
LE 9-17a
2 ADP + 2 P i
Glucose
2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 NAD+
2 Ethanol
Alcohol fermentation
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 CO2
2 Acetaldehyde
Cytosol
b. Alcoholic fermentation
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Acetaldehyde
Ethyl alcohol
Fig. 8-16b, p. 173
LE 9-17b
2 ADP + 2 P i
Glucose
2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 NAD+
2 Lactate
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 CO2
2 Pyruvate
Cytosol
a. Lactate fermentation
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Lactate
Fig. 8-16a, p. 173
LE 9-18
Glucose
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
No O2 present
Fermentation
O2 present
Cellular respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol
or
lactate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle