What is a projection?

A map projection is used to portray all

or part of the spherical Earth on a flat

surface. This cannot be done without
some distortion
Every projection has its own set of
advantages and disadvantages. There
is no "best" projection
In GIS we must select the one best
suited to our needs, reducing distortion
of the most important features

Chart Projections
Three main types
LAMBERT (Conic)
GNOMONIC (Azimuthal)
MERCATOR (Cylindrical)

LAMBERT (Conic) projections

result from projecting a spherical surface onto a cone.

LAMBERT (Conic) Projections

Lambert Conformal Conic projection
Area, and shape are distorted away from standard parallels.
Directions are true in limited areas. Used for maps of North
America. Lambert Conformal Conic projections are used for
rectangular zones with a larger east-west extent.
Ex: North Carolina, Tennessee

GNOMONIC (Azimuthal)

AzimuthalGeometrically projected on a plane. Point of

projection is the center of a globe.

GNOMONIC (Azimuthal)

GNOMONIC (Azimuthal)
Used by some navigators to find the shortest path
between two points. Used in seismic work because
seismic waves tend to travel along great circles.
Any straight line drawn on the map is on a great
circle, but directions are true only from center
point of projection. Map is perspective (from the
center of the Earth onto a tangent plane) but not
conformal, equal area, or equidistant.
Considered to be the oldest projection. Ascribed to
Thales, the father of abstract geometry, who lived
in the 6th century B.C.

Mercator
Used for navigation

or maps of
equatorial regions.
Any straight line on
the map is a rhumb
line (line of
constant direction).
Directions along a
rhumb line are true
between any two
points on map
Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594)

MERCATOR (Cylindrical) projections

result from projecting a spherical surface onto a cylinder.

MERCATOR (Cylindrical) projections

.

Features of Mercator
Distances are true only along Equator, but

are reasonably correct within 15 of Equator.

Areas and shapes of large areas are
distorted.
Distortion increases away from Equator and
is extreme in polar regions. The map is not
perspective, equal area, or equidistant.
Equator and other parallels are straight lines
and meet meridians at right angles

WHAT IS A NAUTICAL CHART?

A Nautical Chart is a graphic portrayal of the marine environment.
addition to its basic elements, a chart is a working document used by
the mariner both as a "road map" and worksheet and is essential
for safe navigation.

Chart Scale
The size of the area represented in a chart varies
in according to the scale of the chart
Charts with a small scale will cover a large area
Charts with a large scale will cover a small area
1/3.000.000

1/1

1/100.000

1/900.000

1/40.000

1/150.000

TURKISH NAUTICAL CHART

GENEL HARTALAR : 1/600.000 1/150.000

--

two digits

PARA HARTALAR : 1/150.000 1/50.000

---

three digits

PORTOLONLAR

- - - - four digits

: 1/50.000 den byk

112
3212
291

TURKISH NAUTICAL CHART

Turkish Nautical charts are divided 3 region

29

2
1
3

19

20

12
16

10
13
11

No Aklamas
1 Haritann Ulusal Numaras
2 Haritann Seyir Yardmclarna Uygun.
3 Haritann Uluslararas Numaras
9 Ke Koordinatlar

16

10 Harita Bal veya Ad

11 Haritann Projeksiyon Tipi
12 Haritay Hazrlayan Kuruluun Amblemi
13 Haritann ei
15 Byk lekli Haritalarda Dier lekler
16 Uyar Notlar

15

19 Bitiik veya Devam Eden Harita Nosu

20 Dier Notik Bilgiler

No Aklamas

No Aklamas

1 Haritann Ulusal Numaras

7 Kk Dzeltmeler

2 Haritann Seyir Yardmclarna Uygun.

8 Haritann kenarlarnn Boyutlar

3 Haritann Uluslararas Numaras

9 Ke Koordinatlar

4 Haritay Hazrlayan Kurulu

14 Byk lekli Haritalarda Dier l.

5 Telif Hakk

17 Kaynak ve Veri Diyagram

6 Yeni Yayn Tarihi

18 Byk lekli Referanslar

6a Bask Tarihi

19 Bitiik veya Devam Eden Harita Nosu

14

17
18
9
8
7

19
5

6a

3
1
2