constituents
7% to 15% by Vol.
14% to 21% by Vol.
portland cement
water
coarse aggregates
Fine aggregates
Admixtures
Portland Cement
Dry powder of very fine particles
forms a paste when mixed with water
chemical reaction-Hydration
paste coats all the aggregates together
hardens and forms a solid mass
Water
Aggregates
cheap fillers
hard material
provide for volume stability
reduce volume changes
provide abrasion resistance
Admixtures
chemical
set
retarders
set accelerators
water reducing
air entraining
mineral
fly
ash
silica fume
slags
Workability
ease
of placement
resistance to segregation
homogeneous mass
Consistency
ability
to flow
Slump Test
Inverted cone
fill it up with three layers
of equal volume
rod each layer 25 times
scrape off the surface
12
Slump Test
slump cone
rod
concrete
Slump test
Ruler
Slump
stiff
0-2
massive
medium
2-5
columns,
Fluid
heavily
5-7
reinforced section, flowable concrete
example:
weight of water mixed at the plant
weight of cement
w/c = 292/685 = 0.43
292 lbs.
685 lbs./cu. yard
paste content
increase slump
NO GOOD
Admixtures
set retarding admixtures
set accelerating admixtures
water reducing admixtures
superplasticizers
air entraining admixtures
Aggregates
grading
1
1
Consider a single aggregate the size of 1x1x1
volume = 1 cubic in
urface area = 6 square inches
volume = 1 cubic in
surface area = 1.5*8= 12 square inc
Break it up further
0.5 in
0.25 in
# of particles
volume
surface area
1"
1 cubic inch
6 square inches
.5"
1 cubic inch
12 square inches
0.25
64
1 cubic inch
24 square inches
0.125
512
1 cubic inch
48 square inches
smooth aggregate
river gravel
Temperature
aggregates
fresh concrete
paste
Bleeding
Evaporation
surface water
Bleed water
Evaporation
no surface water
drying
Free Shrinkage,
causes volume change, but no stresses
before shrinkage
After Shrinkage
Creates problems:
pumpability
delays in finishing
high w/c at the top
poor bond between
two layers
causes
lack
of fines
too much water content
poor
Remedies
more
fines
adjust grading
entrained air
reduce water content
use
w/polyethylene
curing compound
Fiber reinforcement
Curing
The time needed for the chemical reaction
of portland cement with water.
Glue is being made.
concrete after 14 days of curing has
completed only 40% of its potential.
70 % at 28 days.
Curing tips
ample water
do not let it dry
dry concrete = dead concrete, all reactions stop
can not revitalize concrete after it dries
keep temperature at a moderate level
concrete with flyash requires longer curing