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Millennium Development Goals

(MDG)
 Why the MDGs ?
The 1990s: a decade of faltering progress
 progress continued
 … but too slowly to reach agreed targets
 … and progress slowing down
 ….. need more care on  Under-5 mortality rate
 Maternal mortality rate
 Child malnutrition
 Water and sanitation
 Income poverty
 Primary education

MDGs are meant to accelerate progress


• In Sep 2000, representatives of 189 countries met
in New York at the U.N. Millennium Summit.
• The agreed binding outcome of the Summit was
the Millennium Declaration.
• Rich countries are held accountable for providing
greater support, i.e., scaling up ODA, providing
more debt relief and allowing greater access to
their markets
• So developing countries are motivated to adopt
MDG development strategies
• A U.N. working group later supplemented the
Declaration by devising a set of 8 Goals, which
were eventually formulated as 21 Targets, which
were measured by 60 Indicators.
The millennium goals: an overview
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (1.2 billion have less than $1 a day,
800 million are hungry)

2. Achieve universal primary education (113 million children are not in school)

3. Promote gender equality and empower women (60% of children not in


school are girls, women have on average only 14% of seats in parliaments)

4. Reduce child mortality (every day 30,000 children die of preventable causes.)
5. Improve maternal health (In Africa, a woman has 1 chance in 13 of dying in
childbirth)

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (40 million are living with
HIV/AIDS, 75% of them in Africa)

7. Ensure environmental sustainability (1.1 billion people do not have access to


clean water, over 2 billion to sanitation)

8. Develop a global partnership for development (ODA declined from 53 to 51


billion from 1990 to 2001)
MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Targets 1 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
whose income is less than one dollar a day
Indicators (3) 1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day
1.2 Poverty gap ratio
1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Targets 2 Achieve full and productive employment and decent work
for all, including women and young people
Indicators (4) 2.1. Growth rate of GDP per person employed
2.2. Employment to population ratio
2.3.Proportion of employed people living below $1 per day
2.4. Proportion of own-account and contributing family
workers in total employment
Targets 3 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
who suffer from hunger
Indicators (2) 3.1. Prevalence of underweight children under-five years
3.2. Proportion of population below minimum level of
dietary energy consumption
MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Targets 4 Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and
girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling
Indicators (3) 4.1. Net enrollment ratio in primary education
4.2. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last
grade of primary education
4.3. Literacy rate of 15–24 year-olds, women and men

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women


Targets 5 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of
education no later than 2015
Indicators (3) 5.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and
tertiary education
5.3. Share of women in wage employment in the non-
agricultural sector
5.4. Proportion of seats held by women in parliament
MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Targets 6 Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the
under-five mortality rate
Indicators (3) 6.1 Under-five mortality rate
6.2 Infant mortality rate
6.3 Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Targets 7 Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the
maternal mortality ratio
Indicators (2) 7.1 Maternal mortality ratio
7.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health
personnel
Targets 8 Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Indicators (4) 8.1 Contraceptive prevalence rate
8.2 Adolescent birth rate
8.3 Antenatal care coverage
8.4 Unmet need for family planning
MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 6: Combat HYV / AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
Targets 9 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS
Indicators (4) 9.1. HIV prevalence for aged 15–24 years
9.2. Condom use at last high-risk sex
9.3. Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with
comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS
9.4. Ratio of orphans to non-orphans school attendance aged
10–14 years
Targets 10 Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for
all those who need it
Indicators (1) 10.1. Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with
access to antiretroviral drugs
Targets 11 Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Indicators (5) 11.1. Incidence and death rates associated with malaria
11.2. Proportion of under 5 children sleeping at mosquito-bite
11.3. Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated
with anti-malarial drugs
11.4. Incidence, prevalence, and death rates for tuberculosis
11.5. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under
directly observed treatment
MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Targets 12 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country
policies & programs and reverse loss of environmental resources
Indicators (5) 12.1. Proportion of land area covered by forest
12.2. CO2 emissions, total, per capita, and per $1 GDP (PPP)
12.3. Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
12.4. Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
12.5. Proportion of total water resources used
Targets 13 Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant
reduction in the rate of loss
Indicators (2) 13.1. Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
13.2. Proportion of species threatened with extinction
Targets 14 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Indicators (2) 14.1. Proportion of population using an improved drinking water
source
14.2. Proportion of population using an improved sanitation
Targets 15 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives
of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Indicators (1) 15.1. Proportion of urban population living in slums
MDG: Target and Indicators
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Targets 16 Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-
discriminatory trading and financial system
Targets 17 Address the special needs of the least developed countries
Targets 18 Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and
small island developing States
Targets 19 Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing
countries through national and international measures in order to
make debt sustainable in the long term
Indicators (5) 19.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as
percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ gross national income
19.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of
OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education,
primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
19.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of
OECD/DAC donors that is untied
19.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a
proportion of their gross national incomes
19.5 ODA received in small island developing states as a
proportion of their gross national
Identifying MDG Progress (Numerical)
• Rates of progress – actual rate
• – required rate
• Actual annual rate of progress - deprivation indicators (poverty,
hunger, IMR…)

Xti - Xt0
Xt0
t1-t0
t0 – 1990 or closest year
t1 – most recent year
Xt0 – value of indicator in t0 year
Xt1 – value of indicator in t1 year
Required Rate of Progress (RP): α
α Indicator
-1/2 Poverty incidence
-2/3 Under-5 mortality
-3/4 Maternal mortality ratio
-1 Net enrolment ratio (no non-enrolled)
-1 Gender ratios (no girls deprived)
-1/2 Percentage of access to safe drinking
water to non-access group


RP 
Target Year - Baseline Year
Progress: Actual vs Required Rate

Assessment Condition
Slow or reversing Actual rate of progress is less than
half required rate of progress

Moderate Actual rate of progress is more


than half but less than the required
rate of progress

Fast Actual rate of progress is equal to


or greater than required rate of
progress
Eradicate Extreme Poverty
Target: Reduce extreme poverty by half
World Bangladesh
Year Value Year Value
Baseline year value 1991 33 1991 58.8
Goal year value 2015 16.5 2015 29.4
Current year value 2005 22 2005 40
Actual rate of progress -0.023 -0.022
Required rate of progress (α=- - 0.021 -0.021
1/2)
Assessed rate of progress Fast Fast

Progress but created disparity in Bangladesh,


However, the situation was not good in 2008. Gini coefficient in income
increased from 0.259 in 1991 to 0.306 in 2000, Inequality increased in Bangladesh.
Reduce Child Mortality
Target: Reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds
World Bangladesh
Year Value Year Value
Baseline year value 1990 93 1991 151
Goal year value 2015 31 2015 50
Current year value 2007 67 2006 62
Actual rate of progress -0.016 -0.039
Required rate of progress (α=- - 0.027 -0.027
2/3)
Assessed rate of progress Moderate Fast

Higher progress in Bangladesh


Under five mortality greatly reduced in Bangladesh because of rising
awareness and expanding vaccination programs in both rural and urban areas.
Improve Maternal Health
Target: Reduce maternal mortality by three-fourth
World Bangladesh
Year Value Year Value
Baseline year value 1990 430 1991 574
Goal year value 2015 108 2015 144
Current year value 2005 400 2006 290
Actual rate of progress -0.005 -0.033
Required rate of progress (α=- - 0.03 -0.03
3/4)
Assessed rate of progress Slow Fast
Higher progress in Bangladesh,
Maternal mortality greatly reduced in Bangladesh because of expanding
maternal health care programs both by government and NGOs.
Achieve Universal Primary Education
Target: 100% enrollment and completion of primary education
World Bangladesh
Year Value Year Value
Baseline year value (non-enrolled %) 1991 18 1991 40

Goal year value (non-enrolled %) 2015 0 2015 0

Current year value (non-enrolled %) 2007 11 2006 13

Actual rate of progress -0.024 -0.045


Required rate of progress (α= -1) -0.04 -0.04
among non-enrolled boys and girls
Assessed rate of progress Moderate Fast
Higher progress in Bangladesh
Primary school enrollment in Bangladesh increased highly because of
free distribution of books, food for education /stipend programs, ete.
Promote Gender Inequality
Target: Made Ratio of boys to girls in all levels of education to 1
World Bangladesh
Year Value Year Value
Baseline year value (girls 1991 0.11 1992 0.54
deprived)
Goal year value (girls deprived) 2015 0 2015 0
Current year value (girls deprived) 2007 0.04 2005 0.46
Actual rate of progress -0.045 -0.012
Required rate of progress (α= -1) -0.04 -0.04
among girls deprived
Assessed rate of progress Fast Slow

Slow progress in Bangladesh,


Disparity reduced in primary and secondary level but not much in tertiary
education, It is, however, expanding because of government incentive programs
Ensure Safe Water Resource
Target: Reduce the proportion of population have non-access to safe
water resources by half
World Bangladesh
(rural)
Year Value Year Value
Baseline year value (non-access) 1990 23 1990 31
Goal year value (non-access) 2015 11.5 2015 15.5
Current year value (non-access) 2006 13 2006 25
Actual rate of progress -0.03 -0.012
Required rate of progress (α= -0.02 -0.02
-1/2)
Assessed rate of progress Fast Moderate
Slow Progress in Urban Bangladesh
Actual progress for urban areas in Bangladesh is almost zero indicating
that the availability of safe water resources are reversing in urban Bangladesh.

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