TOPIC
Ideal models
of engine cycle
Chapter 5
Sections 5.1 5.4
Classification of models
Thermodynamic models (based on energy
conservation)
zero dimensional
phenomenological
quazi-dimensional
Assumptions
Compression (1-2)
Combustion (2-3)
1. Adiabatic
2. Combustion occurs at
(a) Constant volume
(b) Constant pressure
(c) Part at constant volume and part at constant
pressure (limited pressure)
3. Combustion is complete
Expansion (3-4)
Exhaust (4-5-6)
Intake (6-7-1)
1. Adiabatic
2. Valve events occur at top- and bottom center
3. No change in cylinder volume as pressure differences
across open valves drop to zero
4. Inlet and exhaust pressures constant
5. Velocity effects negligible
f ,i
Wc ,i
m f QLHV
imep
Wc ,i
Vd
m f QLHV f ,i
Wc ,i WC WE
Vd
Constant-volume cycle
Compression
v1
rc
v2
s1 s2
WC U1 U 2 m u1 u2
Combustion
v3 v2
u3 u2 0
Expansion
v4
rc
v3
Efficiency
s4 s3
f ,i
WE U 3 U 4 m u3 u4
m u3 u4 u2 u1
m f QLHV
Constant-pressure cycle
Compression
v1
rc
v2
s1 s2
WC U1 U 2 m u1 u2
Combustion
p3 p2
h3 h2 0
WE U 3 U 4 p2 V3 V2
Expansion
p3 p2
Efficiency
v4
rc
v2
s4 s3
f ,i
m h3 h4 p4 v4 p2 v2
m h3 h4 u2 u1 p4v4 p2v2
m f QLHV
Limited-pressure cycle
Compression
v1
rc
v2
s1 s2
WC U1 U 2 m u1 u2
Combustion
v3a v2
u3a u2 0
p3b p3a
h3b h3a 0
Expansion
v4
rc
v3a
Efficiency
p3b p3a
f ,i
s4 s3b
WE U 3b U 4 p3 V3b V3a
m h3b h4 p4 v4 p3v3a
WC U1 U 2 mcv T1 T2
Expansion work
WE U 3 U 4 mcv T3 T4
mcv T3 T2 m f QLHV
For convenience we will define
Q
*
m f QLHV
m
T3 T4 T2 T1
f ,i
T3 T2
T4 T1
1
T3 T2
Since 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic processes between the same volumes, V1
and V2
1
1
T2 V1
T1 V2
1
c
V4
V3
c c
p
v
where
. Hence T4 T1 T3
conversion efficiency can be written as
f ,i 1
1
rc 1
T2
T3
T4
f ,i 1
1
rc 1
= 1.3
imep Q*
p1
c
T
v 1
1
rc
1
1 1
1 rc 1
rc
r
imep
1
1 1 rc 1
p3
1 rc rc 1 cv T1 Q* 1 rc 1
and
V3b
V3a
f ,i
1
1 1
rc 1 1
imep
Q*
p1
c vT1 1
imep
1
p3
rc
rc
f ,i
rc 1
Q*
rc
1
f ,i
cvT1 1 rc 1
f ,i
1
1 1
rc 1
imep
Q*
p1
c vT1 1
rc
f ,i
rc 1
rc
imep 1 Q*
1
f ,i
p3
rc cvT1 1 rc 1
Q
*
m f QLHV
m
m f
ma
QLHV
m
m
A simple approximation for (ma/m) is ((rc-1)/rc, ; i.e., fresh air fills the
displaced volume and the residual gas fills the clearance volume ant the
same density. Then (A is a constant)
rc 1
Q*
A
cvT1
rc
*
Q
cvT all cycles would be burning a
For this value of
Cycle comparison
rc 12
1.3
Q*
8.525
cvT1
p3a
67
p1
f ,i
imep
p1
imep
p3
pmax
p1
Constant volume
0.525
16.3
0.128
128
Limited pressure
.500
15.5
0.231
67
11.8
0.466
25.3
Cycle comparison