Civil

Engineering
Prof. Dr. Eng.

Abdelhay M. Abdelhay

Mechanical Engineering Department,

Faculty of engineering, Helwan University

What is Civil Engineering ?

is a professional engineering discipline that
deals with the design, construction, and
maintenance
of the physical and naturally built
environment,
including works like roads, bridges, canals,
dams, and buildings

In this Course a FOCUS will be

ON
Design of Structures

Examples
of Structures in the field of
Electrical Power engineering

Power Transmission Towers

Electric Components

Posts / Columns / Frames / Trays

These Electric related Components

are of the form of

Bars, Rods, Beams, Shafts,

Columns

All these Structures and Electric

Elements

Are Subjected to
One type of Loads or more

why, Do You want to study

these elements
and
their carrying Loads ?

In order to carry these Loads Safely

Or
without Failure

A Good Design
of these Elements
will avoid their FAILURE

12

How to avoid FAILURE

By Studying the EFFECTS

of
different Loads

The branch of Civil Engineering

that deals with the behavior of
solid bodies subjected to
various types of loading
Is called
Structure Mechanics
or
Mechanics of Materials

So, What is a LOAD ?

Loads
Are of TWO different basic types, Normally acting
on a Solid Body:

Surface Loads:

Are external effects

(Thermal OR of Mechanical Nature)
(Heat, Pressure, contact with another body, etc.)
acting on the surface of a body.

Body Loads:

Due to gravitational effect,

magnetic field, centrifugal forces, etc., and are acting
on each element of the body.

They can be neglected due to their small values

compared to Surface loads.

Main types of loads; Body force and Surface/Contact

force
18

Mechanical loads encountered in Engineering

practice are many and of different effects.

19

Examples of Mechanical loads

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CONTENTS
Topic
Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Normal Stresses and Strains

Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Area Properties
Shearing Force and Bending

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Stresses in Beams

Chapter 6

Deflection of Beams

Chapter 7

Combined Stresses

Chapter 8

Buckling in Columns

Moment in Beams

22

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
(MOM)
Course Layout & Grading System
Lecture (2 hours)
Exercises

Assignments
Attendance
Midterm Exams
Final Exam

2 Hours
1 Hour
( at the end of each
chapter)
20 marks
10 marks
20 marks
50 mark

TOTAL

100 marks
23

Each type of External Loads

Can cause
Deformation
Which is
Change in Shape
or/and
Size (dimensions)

But, How this deformation is

happening ?

Let us go inside the material

To see what is happening . . .

Make a virtual cut , and Study

And Using the Magic Tool of
Static Equilibrium

1.6 Mathematical Definition of STRESS

The stress vector acting on the cross section at point O
is defined as:
(1.3)
where its Normal Stress component (lower case Greek
sigma); acting normal to cress section is:

likewise, the Shear Stress component (lower case

Greek tau), acting along the cress section, is:

(1.4)

(1.5)
29

FBD showing Internal Normal Stress (), and

Shear Stress () upon small area (A)
of cross section

30

Definition of STRESS

The concept of STRESS, which is:

The internal resistance offered by a unit

area to an externally applied load

31

If the internal reactions

and

resulted from FR

are uniformly distributed over the cross section A

(see Figure 1.11d), the above equations may be
rewritten as:
The Normal Stress:

(1.6)

Units ???
and,
The Direct Shear:

32

(1.7)

Uniform Distribution
of Normal STRESS

Direct Shear Stress

Deformation: changein Size ()

(dimensions)

or

Change in Shape()

Deformation: change in Size (dimensions)

or Change in Shape
Can be Better represented as:
a Relative Change In Linear Dimensions
Is called Normal Strain,
Or
In Angular values,
and is Called Shear Strain,

Deformation Or Strain
can be
Felt, Seen, and Measured

So, WHAT ?

From Theses Strains

ONE can determine
Internal Stresses
Or
Determine Loads acting on
the member
So, WHAT ?

So, What is the LINK

between
Strain
and
Stress or Load ?

The link from Load to Strain

The link from Load to Strain

Force;

Torque;

Pressure;

Vibrations.

The link from Load to Strain

Force;

Torque;

Pressure;

Cause stress

Vibrations.

The link from Load to Strain

Force;

Torque;

Pressure;

Cause stress

Vibrations.

We cant measure this!

The link from Load to Strain

Force;

Torque;

Pressure;

Cause stress

Stress causes strain

Vibrations.

We cant measure this!

The link from Load to Strain

Force;

Torque;

Pressure;

Cause stress

Stress causes strain

Vibrations.

We cant measure this!

We can measure this!

The link from Load to Strain

Force;

Torque;

Pressure;

Cause stress

Stress causes strain

Vibrations.

We cant measure this!

We can measure this!

Is there a predictable relationship between stress and strain?

Assignment:
to be submitted
NEXT WEEK (Due Date)
An Internet Search for:
How Mechanical Strain is measured
(little talk more figures)
( 3-5 page long + cover)

The link between

Stress and

Strain
an English scientist,
Robert Hooke, in 1678.

Discovered that:

Stress and strain are

related to by a linear
relationship, in the
form:

E.

Where = strain in x
direction

= stress in x

This relation is known as

Hooks Law .

 A Similar Linear Relationship is found

Between: Shear Stress and Shear Strain, in
the form:

G.

Where : = Shear strain

= stress in x direction
G = Modulus of Rigidity / Modulus of Elasticity in shear

Lateral Strain

Vs

Axial Strain

Due to the Axial Load P, Axial Strain x

is resulted,
This is also, Leads to Lateral Change in
size, or Lateral Strain

y and z

Do You Know Why ?

Poissons Ratio,
The ratio of the strain in the lateral or
transverse directions (y & z) to that in
the longitudinal (x ) direction is found to
be constant for a particular material and
is calledPoissons ratio.

Thermal Strain / Stress

Changes in temperature (T) produce expansion or contraction of
Structural materials,
resulting in thermal strains and thermal stresses .

where

is a material property called, Linear

Thermal Strain / Stress

Thermal Stress, is:

t = E . . T

End of Chapter 1