Mountains
Plateaus
Plains
Types of mountains
Fold mountains
Geomorph
Fold
mountains
Geo-syncline
Elongated, narrow
depression on
continental margins
Here sediments
from both land and
ocean accumulate
C-C collision
Sediments from
continental crusts
of both plates +
geo-syncline
folded
Because of
sediments of geosyncline marine
origin
Pamir Knot
Kirthar
range
Su
ra l a i
ng m
e an
Mountains in Europe
Alaska range
Southern Alps
Dinaric Alps
Atlas mountains
Pyrenees
Caucasus
Apennines
Taurus
Elburz and Zagros
9) Hindukush
10) Kirthar range
11) Kunlun Shan
12) Urals mountains
13) Appalachian
mountains
14) Great Dividing
Range
Urals Mountains
Types of mountains
Block mountains
Fault-block mt.
Due to forces within
interior of the earth
Uplifted part = horst
depressed part =
Grabben
Horst => block
mountains
Grabben => rift valley
India
comparison
Fold mountains
Block mountains
Not true mountains
True mountains
Tensile force
Compressive force -faulting
folding
Diverging plates
Due to collision of
(Conti)
plates (C-C, O-C)
Differential erosion
Folding of
of horst of fault
sedimentary rocks
looks like mountains
Landforms on earth
Plateaus
Meaning:
Flat, Table land,
upland, higher
than
surrounding
areas
Formation of Plateaus
Types of plateau
Intermontane
plateau
Bolivia plateau
Tibetan plateau
Columbia plateau
Colorado plateau
Anatolia Plateau
(Turkey)
Continental
plateau
Deccan plateau
Katanga plateau
Ozark plateau
(USA)
Ethiopian
highland
Types of Plateau
Glacial plateau
Lava plateau
Columbia-snake
Grahwal plateau plateau (USA)
Deccan Plateau
Laurentian
Shan plateau
plateau
(Canada)
(Myanmar)
Bolivia plateau
Columbiacolorado
Ozark plateau
Anatolia plateau
Loess plateau
Laurentian plateau
Katanga Plateau
Origin of River
Congo and Zambezi
Dense equatorial
forest
Known for resources
- Gold, diamonds,
Copper
Shan plateau,
Myanmar
Plateau
crossed by
Salween river
Irrawaddy river
passed in eastern
side
Shan plateau- chief
source of lead, zinc
and silver Myanmar
Known for teak
forest
(Burmese Teak)
Roof of the
Tibetan plateau
world highest
and largest
plateau
Source of Indus,
Brahmaputra,
Salween,
Mekong,
Yangtse, Hwang
He
Imp role in
Indian monsoon
Batholith
Granite
Less mobile,
cannot move
upward
Backbone of
fold
mountains
Landforms on earth
Mountains
Plateaus
Plains
Plains
Meaning
Flat areas with low
heights
Best for human
habitation
Most populated
areas of the world
alluvial plains of
rivers
Depositional plains
- Rivers
- Sea (sub-merged
coast)
Erosional plains
- Erosion of plateau
Europ Afric
e
a
Indus
Danube Nile
Ganga
Brahmaputra
Rhine
Yangtze (China)
Rhone
Hwang He (China) Po
Ob- Irtysh (Russia) Don
Mekong (SE Asia)
Amazon Mississippi
Missouri
Congo Parana- Colorado
Paragua
y
Niger
St. Lawrence
Zambe
Yukon
zi
Orang
Mackenzie
e
Important locations
Yangtze 3th longest river in the world
Navigable river 35% of Chinas population
Sichuan basin rice cultivation
Shanghai biggest port of China
Wuhan Iron and steel
Nanjing textile, iron and steel
Chengdu oil and gas
Three gorge dam
Yun ho canal connect Yangtze with Hwang He
Lake Van,
Lake Urmia
Important centers in Iraq:
Baghdad, Mosul, Kirkuk, Al Basra
Mississippi , USA
Landforms on earth
Mountains (fold and block)
Plateaus
Plains
Natural Catastrophic
events
volcanism
earthquake
Tsunami
complete sequence of
processes of creation and
movement of magma +
creation of volcanic landforms
Volcanism is not random
Reason associated with
volcanism is also not random
Geomorph
o
Volcanism
Distribution of Volcanism
1st
Pacific Ring of
Fire
O-O
convergence
O-C
convergence
Plate movements
O-O : Volcanic arc
O-C :Volcanic
mountains
Mediterranean volcanism
3th
Breaking up of
Mediterranean
plates into
multiple blocks
Andesitic eruption
Frequent
interaction
Mt. Etna, Mt.
Aleutian Islands
comparison
Basaltic eruption
Occur at midoceanic ridge and
hot spot volcanism
Basalt highly fluid
mobile
Spread across
easily
Quite eruption
Andesitic eruption
Volcanic arcs,
volcanic mountains
Andesite less fluid
less mobile
Solidifies at short
distance- intense
pressure develop
inside explosive
comparison
Basaltic eruption
Andesitic eruption
Volcanic Landforms
Intrusive Landforms
Sills (Horizontal)
Dyke (Vertical)
Lopolith saucer-shaped
Lava plateaus
Cinder cones
O-C collision
volcanic mountains
Less fluid lava
(Andesitic) explode
violently
Viscous lava solidifies
at short distance
Mt. Paricutin, Mexico
Composite Cones
Volcanic
mountains
Each new eruption
new layers of
ash or lava
Mt. Stromboli, Mt.
Vesuvius, Mt. Fuji
Cinder
Composite
Less fluid /
highly viscous
Violent
eruption
Fluid +
viscous
Multiple and
violent
eruption
Highest
volcanoes
Large
Gentle slope
Steep slope
Small
Small
Geysers
Geysers
=fountains of Hot
water
Ground water
heated by
shallow source of
magma
Old faithful
geyser, Yellow
stone park, USA
Hot Spring
Hot Spring:
Water reach deep
enough heated
by interior
Locate any part of
the world
Geyser
G/w
heated
Difference between geyser and Hotspring
by shallow magma
source
Hot spring g/w heated
by either magma
source or heated rocks
Geyser chamber in
interior pressure
comes out like fountain
Hot spring - quite
comparison
geyser
Hot spring
Found anywhere
Geysers are rare
They gets different
Hot water dissolved
colors from heatwith silica
loving bacteria, like
accumulated on
cyanobacteria
surface gives
Medicinal values
different colours
Can be helpful in
USA, - Yellowstone
harness
geo-thermal
park
energy
Geo-thermal energy
Heated water is
taken out
used for moving
turbine
generation of
electricity
Cooled water
flown back into
interior
Geomorph
o
Earthquake
Types of Earthquake
1) Shallow focus
EQ
2) Intermediate
focus EQ
3) Deep focus EQ
Shallow focus
destructive
Earthquakes in Japan
At Junction of 3
plates
Subduction of
Pacific plate
Reasons behind EQ
1st
Collision of
Plate
boundaries
O-O collision
O-C collision
C-C collision
Reasons behind EQ
2nd
Divergent
Plate
boundaries
O-O
divergence
MOR
Reasons behind EQ
3th
Transverse plate
boundaries
Friction developed
between two plates
Reasons behind EQ
4th
Mediterranean
sea region
Numerous small
plates
Frequent
interactions
Reasons behind EQ
5th
Craton = stable part
of crust
Re-emergence of old
fractures
6th
Human Induced
1) RIS
2) mining
3) Nuclear testing
Submarine EQ
Sudden disturbances of
underlying plates transmit the
shock waves to surface waves
Geomorph
o
Tsunami
comparison
Normal waves
Tsunami waves
wavelength
Distance between
two crests of
troughs =
wavelength
Waves of Tsunami
are wider than
normal waves of the
ocean water
Phase 1
EQ on ocean crust
uplift the water upward
Tsunami wave
generated
Vessels in the mid-sea
cannot recongnise the
tsunami waves
Sea water recede at
the shore
Phase 2
At coast depth
decrease wavelength
decreases wave
height increases
A huge wall of water
10-12 floor high
created
Enormous energy
released at the shore
Phase 3
Phases of tsunami