Chapter One
Section 1.3
Alternative Formulations
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
(FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS)
An important tool in heat transfer analysis, often
providing the basis for determining the temperature
of a system.
Alternative Formulations
Time Basis:
At an instant
or
Over a time interval
Type of System:
Control volume
Control surface
E in E out :
,
Volumetric Phenomena
g
Eg :
g
rate of thermal energy generation due to conversion from another enegy form
(e.g., electrical, nuclear, or chemical); energy conversion process occurs within the system.
E st :
Conservation
ofgEnergy
g
g
E in E g E out
g
dEst
E st
dt
(1.11a)
(1.11b)
Closed System
Q W U
(1.11c)
At an instant
g
q W
dU
dt
(1.11d)
Example 1.3
dU dU t
dT
Mc
dt
dt
dt
Heat transfer is from the conductor (negative q )
g
Example 1.4
Latent Heat
of Fusion
U U1at M hsf
Open System
(ii) Steady State for Flow through an Open System without Phase Change or
Generation:
At an Instant of
2
Time:
m u pv V
gz q m u pv V
2
pv flow work
u pv i enthalpy
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat:
ii io c p Ti To
For an incompressible liquid:
ui uo c Ti To
pv i pv o 0
V 2
0
2
i
2 o
gz i gz o 0
gz W 0
2
o
(1.11e)
Ein E out 0
(1.12)
qconv
qrad
0
qcond
T1 T2
4
h T2 T 2 T24 Tsur
0
L
Methodology
SCHEMATIC
d Tw
dt
4
4 T 4
4 h T T h T T cd d Tw
Tsur
T
w
sur
,
c
w
u w
l w
,h
dt
d Tw / dt i 104 K / s
4
4
0.65 15004 Tw,ss
K 4 0.65 3304 Tw,ss
K4
SCHEMATIC:
Temperature, T(K)
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
100
400
800
2000
6000 10000