Introduction To

Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics I
CHE 325
(3 Units)
Dr. Ayoola A.A.

Textbooks
1.Introduction
To
Chemical
Engineering
Thermodynamics (J. M. Smith, H. C. Van Ness &
M. M. Abbot)
2.Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
(Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles)
3.Any other relevant thermodynamics text

Grading
Assignments/Tests = 30 marks
Examination
= 70 marks

Module
1: INTRODUCTION

Basic definitions, aim and scope.

PVT system, path dependency.

2:

3:

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Work and Heat.
Adiabatic work.
Internal Energy.
Enthalpy.
Heat Capacity.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Inter-conversion of Work and Heat.
Heat Engines and Cyclic processes.
Refrigeration Cycle.
Coefficient of Performance.

MODULE ONE

BASIC
DEFINITIONS OF
SOME TERMS

Definition of Some Terms

Thermodynamics:
is the science of energy
involves all aspects of energy and
energy transformation.
involves the storage, transformation
& transfer of energy.

Energy is transformed from one form

of energy to another,
it is transferred across a boundary as
either heat or work.

Definition of Some Terms

Classical
Thermodynamics:
is
observation driven (macroscopic)
and
focuses
on
bulk
energy
flow
(transfer/transformation/storage). It has
application mostly in Engineering field.
Statistical Thermodynamics: is theory
driven (microscopic). Focuses on structure
of matters and molecules interaction. It has
applications mostly in science field
(physics, chemistry).

Applications of Thermodynamics in Chemical

Engineering

Conversion of chemical stored energy in

fossil fuel to Heat and Work
Transportation of materials
and goods

Applications of Thermodynamics
in Chemical Engineering
Conversion of materials to useful
products

Monitoring of chemical
reactions

Determination of the properties of

materials

Some of The Future Benefits of

Thermodynamics
Better Industries/Homes construction
due to reduction in the need of heating
or cooling system.
Homes /Industries will have systems
that the energy usage are electronically
monitored and regulated.
Adoption of solar energy in every home.
Improved railway system and the use of
hybrid vehicles that run on biofuels .
Use
of
telecommuting
and
teleconferencing by industries and

Some of the Future Benefits of

Thermodynamics
Internet becomes predominant means of
business transactions
Wind, solar and other renewable
technologies will contribute significantly to
nations electricity grid.

ENERGY IS LIFE

Revision
System: portion/object to be studied
Surroundings: everything external to the
system
Boundary: what separates a system from
its surroundings.
Open System (control volume):
a
system that allows mass and energy
interaction.

Revision
Closed System: a system with no
mass interaction between the system
and the surroundings
Properties:
What describe a system.
Macroscopic characteristics of
a system and can be assigned
numerical values
State:
condition of a system due
to change in properties

Revision
Process: a series of changes experience by a
system from one state to another.
The path of successive states through which a
system passes when change from one state to
another.
Reversible Process: a system undergoes
reversible process when it is restored to its
initial state.

Revision
Isobaric process
o P = constant

Isochoric process
o V = constant

P
V

Isothermal process

Adiabatic process

o T = constant
oQ=0

Example 1
As shown in the figure, water
which circulates between a
storage tank and a solar
collector is used for domestic
purposes. Identify locations on
the system boundary where the
system
interacts
with
the
surroundings
and
describe
events that occur within the
system, if the system is
[a] solar collector
[b] solar collector, storage tank
and connecting pipes.

Solution
[a]
The system (solar
collector)
is
an
open
system.
Warm water enters the
system at the base through
the pump.
The water is heated up as a
result of heat radiation
through the surface of the
system.
Hot
water
leaves
the
system at the top.
Pressure exerted on the

Solution
[b] The system consisting of the
solar collector, the tank and pipes
is an open system.
Cold water enters the tank at the
base and get warm on mixing with
hot water inside the tank.
There is interaction between the
surroundings, surface of the tank,
water inside the tank.
Warm
water
entering
solar
collector
interacts
with
the
surroundings at the surface of the
collector and becomes hot water.
Hot water in the tank leaves the
tank the moment the water level

Example 2
The table below lists temperatures and specific volumes
of water vapor at two different pressures
p = 1.0 MPa
p = 1.5 MPa
T (C)
v (m/kg)
T (C)
v
(m/kg)
200
0.2060
200
0.1325
240
0.2275
240
0.1483
280
0.2480
280
0.1627
Data encountered in solving problems often do not fall
exactly on the grid of values provided by property
tables, and linear interpolation between adjacent table
entries become necessary. Using the data provided

Solution
[a]
At a temperature of 240C, 1.25MPa falls
between 1.0 MPa and 1.5 MPa.
Finding slope will help
Slope =
=
0.5(v 0.1483)
= 0.25 (0.0792)
0.5v = 0.0198 + 0.07415
v = 0.1879 m/kg

Solution
[b]
p = 1.5 Mpa and v = 0.1555 m/kg fall
between
T = 240C and T = 280C.
Slope =
=
T = 260C

Solution
[c] At T = 220 C and p = 1.4 Mpa, the
specific volume falls between 1.0 and 1.5
Mpa AND between 200 and 240C. Hence,
double interpolationis required.
At 220 C, v at each pressure is the
average over the interval
At 1.0MPa, 220C; v = = 0.21675 m/kg
At 1.5MPa, 220C; v = = 0.1404 m/kg
so as calculated in [a]
= v = 0.15567 m/kg

Assignment

1.
Over a limited temperature range , the
relation between electrical resistance R and
temperature T for a resistance temperature
detector is
[1 + )]
where is the resistance, in ohms (), measured at
reference temperature (C) and is a material constant
with units of . The following data are obtained for
a particular resistance thermometer.
(C)
Test 1 ()
= 51.39
Test 2

0
91

Assignment
2.
As illustrated in
the figure, water
circulates through a
piping
system,
servicing
various
household needs.
Considering the water
heater as a system,
identify locations on
the system boundary
where
the
system
interacts
with
its
surroundings
and
describe
significant
occurrence within the

Exercises
Perform the following unit
conversion
a)122 in to L
b)778.17 ft.ibf to kJ
c)100 hp to kW
d)1000 ib/h to kg/s
e)29.392 ibf/in to bar
f) 650 J to Btu
g)0.135 kW to ft.ibf/s
h)304 kPa to ibf/in
i) 2500 ft/min to m/s